Conessine is a naturally occurring, steroidal alkaloid extracted from a number of plant species from the family Apocynaceae, including Holarrhena floribunda, Holarrhena antidysenterica and Funtumia elastica. It functions as a selective histamine antagonist for the H₃ subtype. It was also discovered to have a high affinity for adrenergic receptors, long CNS clearance durations, and high blood-brain barrier penetration. It has anti-malarial properties as well.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C24H40N2
Molecular Weight	356.5878
Exact Mass	356.319
Elemental Analysis	C, 80.84; H, 11.31; N, 7.86
CAS #	546-06-5
PubChem CID	441082
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.1±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	450.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	126-127ºC
Flash Point	199.6±16.5 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.564
LogP	5.71
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	2
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Heavy Atom Count	26
Complexity	609
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	8
SMILES	C[C@H]1[C@H]2CC[C@H]3[C@@H]4CC=C5C[C@H](CC[C@]5(C)[C@H]4CC[C@]23CN1C)N(C)C
InChi Key	GPLGAQQQNWMVMM-MYAJQUOBSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C24H40N2/c1-16-20-8-9-22-19-7-6-17-14-18(25(3)4)10-12-23(17,2)21(19)11-13-24(20,22)15-26(16)5/h6,16,18-22H,7-15H2,1-5H3/t16-,18-,19+,20+,21-,22-,23-,24-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(1R,2S,5S,6S,9R,12S,13R,16S)-N,N,6,7,13-pentamethyl-7-azapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.05,9.013,18]icos-18-en-16-amine
Synonyms	Neriine; Roquessine; Conessinum; Konessin; Wrightine; Conessine
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.03.00
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Plasmodium; H3 Receptor ( Ki = 5.4 nM ); rat H3 receptor ( Ki = 25 nM ); Guinea pig H3 Receptor ( Ki = 6.0 nM ); Dog H3 Receptor ( Ki = 5.7 nM )
References	[1]. A new family of H3 receptor antagonists based on the natural product Conessine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18(4):1490-1494. [2]. Conessine treatment reduces dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by regulating MuRF1 and atrogin-1 expression [published online ahead of print, 2018 Feb 1]. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;10.4014.jmb.1711.11009.
Additional Infomation	Conessine is a steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antimalarial, a H3-receptor antagonist and a plant metabolite. It is a steroid alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It is functionally related to a conanine. Conessine has been reported in Holarrhena floribunda, Funtumia elastica, and Holarrhena pubescens with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

Ethanol: ~25 mg/mL (~70.1 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.8043 mL	14.0217 mL	28.0434 mL
	5 mM	0.5609 mL	2.8043 mL	5.6087 mL
	10 mM	0.2804 mL	1.4022 mL	2.8043 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.