Abscisic Acid (also known as ABA, and Abscisin II) is a plant hormone and growth inhibitor, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth. ABA is a plant hormone and plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance. Histone H2B monoubiquitination regulated ABA levels in developing seeds. H2B ubiquitination and ABA dependent chromatin remodeling regulated seed dormancy. Abiotic stress-induced ABA regulated stressresponsive gene expression and stomatal response.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C15H20O4
Molecular Weight	264.32
Exact Mass	264.136
CAS #	21293-29-8
Related CAS #	Abscisic acid-d6;721948-65-8;(±)-Abscisic acid;14375-45-2;(±)-trans-Abscisic acid;2228-72-0
PubChem CID	5280896
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	458.7±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	188ºC
Flash Point	245.4±25.2 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±2.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.583
LogP	1.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	4
Rotatable Bond Count	3
Heavy Atom Count	19
Complexity	494
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	1
SMILES	CC1=CC(=O)CC([C@]1(/C=C/C(=C\C(=O)O)/C)O)(C)C
InChi Key	JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C15H20O4/c1-10(7-13(17)18)5-6-15(19)11(2)8-12(16)9-14(15,3)4/h5-8,19H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,17,18)/b6-5+,10-7-/t15-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	(2Z,4E)-5-((S)-1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-enyl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
Synonyms	Abscisin II;(S)-(+)-Abscisic acid; ABA
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Abscisic acid ((S)-(+)-Abscisic acid; 10 μM) rapidly depolarizes the plasma membrane and alkalinizes the media in Arabidopsis cell cultures [1]. In suspensions of Arabidopsis cells, cytoplasmic Ca2+ is elevated by 10 μM abscisic acid. Abscisic acid increases cytosolic Ca2+ levels, which reduces proton pumping indirectly rather than directly [1]. Abscisic acid's natural receptor is called lanthionine synthase C-like 2 (LANCL2). Abscisic acid stimulates the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids in mitochondria, boosts the production of glycogen, activates PI3K independently of insulin, and facilitates the translocation of GLUT4 to the cell membrane at the biological level and in particular muscle cells ex vivo [2].
ln Vivo	Glycemic control is improved by oral abscisic acid (0.125 μg/kg/day) over a duration of 12 weeks [2]. In the DIO model, abscisic acid (oral; 0.125 μg/kg/day; for 12 weeks) significantly decreased the levels of TNF, MCP-1, and IL-6. Skeletal muscle can have its metabolic activity increased by abscisic acid [2].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at 4 weeks of age[2] Doses: 0.125 µg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage) daily; for 12 weeks Experimental Results: Improved glycemic control in a diet-induced model of obesity
References	[1]. Plasma membrane depolarization induced by abscisic acid in Arabidopsis suspension cells involves reduction of proton pumping in addition to anion channel activation, which are both Ca2+ dependent. Plant Physiol. 2004 May;135(1):231-43. [2]. Abscisic acid enriched fig extract promotes insulin sensitivity by decreasing systemic inflammation and activating LANCL2 in skeletal muscle. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 26;10(1):10463.
Additional Infomation	(+)-abscisic acid is the naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold. It has a role as a plant hormone and a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a (+)-abscisate. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-abscisic acid. Abscisic acid has been reported in Camellia sinensis, Pinus densiflora, and other organisms with data available. Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO:52 mg/mL (196.7 mM) Water:<1 mg/mL Ethanol:52 mg/mL (196.7 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (23.65 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (23.65 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (23.65 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.7833 mL	18.9165 mL	37.8329 mL
	5 mM	0.7567 mL	3.7833 mL	7.5666 mL
	10 mM	0.3783 mL	1.8916 mL	3.7833 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.