Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a wolfberry-derived carotenoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress effects. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate interacts directly with p2X7 receptor (Kd=81.2 nM) and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1; Kd=533 nM) in a positive dose-dependent manner. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate restores mitophagy (autophagy) function inhibited by ethanol intoxication. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate may be utilized in the study of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C72H116O4
Molecular Weight	1045.69
Exact Mass	1044.887
CAS #	144-67-2
PubChem CID	5281250
Appearance	Brown to reddish brown solid powder
Density	1.0±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	956.4±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	98-100 °C
Flash Point	462.1±32.7 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.524
LogP	28.33
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	4
Rotatable Bond Count	42
Heavy Atom Count	76
Complexity	1850
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	2
SMILES	CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC(C(=C(C1)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C2=C(C[C@H](CC2(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C)\C)\C)/C)/C)(C)C
InChi Key	XACHQDDXHDTRLX-XLVVAOPESA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C72H116O4/c1-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-37-49-69(73)75-65-55-63(7)67(71(9,10)57-65)53-51-61(5)47-41-45-59(3)43-39-40-44-60(4)46-42-48-62(6)52-54-68-64(8)56-66(58-72(68,11)12)76-70(74)50-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-2/h39-48,51-54,65-66H,13-38,49-50,55-58H2,1-12H3/b40-39+,45-41+,46-42+,53-51+,54-52+,59-43+,60-44+,61-47+,62-48+/t65-,66-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	[(1R)-4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4R)-4-hexadecanoyloxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl] hexadecanoate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	p2X7/AdipoR1 receptor[1]
ln Vitro	Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 µM; 2 h) completely or partially reverses the ethanol (250 mM)-induced up-regulation of p62 and the down-regulation of Atg5, beclin-1, and LC3A/B in BRL-3A cells[1]. In BRL-3A cells, zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 µM; 2 h) partially restores the ethanol-suppressed LC3B[1]. BRL-3A cells' ethanol-suppressed cell viability and ethanol-induced aspase -3/7 activity are partially restored by zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 µM; 2 h)[1]. In BRL-3A cells, the ethanol-induced suppression of mitophagy is recovered by zeaxanthin dipalmitate (1 µM; 2 h)[1].
ln Vivo	In an AFLD model, zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; po; daily for 2 weeks) lowers the serum ALT and AST levels elevated by a prolonged ethanol challenge[1]. Effectively reducing the histological damage is zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; po; daily for 2 weeks)[1]. Rats treated with zeaxanthin dipalmitate (10 mg/kg; po; daily for 2 weeks) exhibit reduced liver inflammation (TNF-α) and apoptosis (asserted by caspase-3/7 activity) in response to AFLD[1]. Retinal photoreceptor degradation is postponed and the visual behavior of rd10 mice is improved with an intravitreal injection of zeaxanthin dipalmitate (about 4 μM)[2]. The light responses of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and retinal ganglion cells are enhanced by zeaxanthin dipalmitate (about 4 μM; intravitreal injection for once)[2]. For once, intravitreal injection of zeaxanthin dipalmitate (about 4 μM) lowers the expression of genes linked to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in rd10 mice[2].
References	[1]. Wolfberry-Derived Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Damage. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019 Jun;63(11):e1801339. [2]. Wolfberry-derived zeaxanthin dipalmitate delays retinal degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa through modulating STAT3, CCL2 and MAPK pathways. J Neurochem. 2021 Sep;158(5):1131-1150.
Additional Infomation	Physalien is a xanthophyll. Physalien has been reported in Lycium chinense and Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.9563 mL	4.7815 mL	9.5631 mL
	5 mM	0.1913 mL	0.9563 mL	1.9126 mL
	10 mM	0.0956 mL	0.4782 mL	0.9563 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.