Octopamine ((±)-p-Octopamine) HCl is a biological monoamine structurally related to norepinephrine and functions as a neurohormone, neuromodulator, and neurotransmitter in invertebrates. Octopamine HCl has a stimulatory effect on α2-ARs in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha2-adrenergic receptors (ARs). Octopamine HCl increases glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen uptake, gluconeogenesis, and portal perfusion pressure.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C8H12CLNO2
Molecular Weight	189.63
Exact Mass	189.055
Elemental Analysis	C, 50.67; H, 6.38; Cl, 18.69; N, 7.39; O, 16.87
CAS #	770-05-8
Related CAS #	Octopamine-d4 hydrochloride; 1219803-62-9
PubChem CID	440266
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Boiling Point	360.7ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	~170 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Flash Point	172ºC
LogP	1.886
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	2
Heavy Atom Count	11
Complexity	111
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	1
SMILES	Cl[H].O([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])N([H])[H])C1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])O[H]
InChi Key	PUMZXCBVHLCWQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C8H11NO2.ClH/c9-5-8(11)6-1-3-7(10)4-2-6;/h1-4,8,10-11H,5,9H2;1H
Chemical Name	4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol;hydrochloride
Synonyms	Octopamine Hydrochloride; Octopamine Hydrochloride salt; Octopamine HCl; Octopamine HCl salt
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Human Endogenous Metabolite; α2-adrenergic receptor
ln Vitro	Octopamine is involved in a number of physiological processes: (a) it acts as a neuromodulator, controlling the desensitization of sensory inputs, arousal, initiation, and maintenance of complex behaviors like learning and memory; (b) it acts as a neurotransmitter, controlling the activity of endocrine glands; and (c) it acts as a neurohormone, causing the mobilization of fats and carbohydrates. In order to cause its effects, octopamine binds to particular proteins that are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and have seven transmembrane domains in common structurally[1].
References	[1]. Octopamine-mediated neuromodulation of insect senses. Neurochem Res. 2007;32(9):1511-1529. [2]. Octopamine in invertebrates. Prog Neurobiol. 1999;59(5):533-561. [3]. Octopamine. Nature. 1977;265(5594):501-504.
Additional Infomation	(R)-octopamine is an octopamine. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-octopamine. p-Hydroxyphenylethanolamine has been reported in Aplysia californica, Fascaplysinopsis reticulata, and other organisms with data available. An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates. See also: Octopamine (annotation moved to).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	DMSO: ≥ 100 mg/mL (~527.3 mM) H2O: ≥ 50 mg/mL (~263.7 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (527.31 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	5.2734 mL	26.3671 mL	52.7343 mL
	5 mM	1.0547 mL	5.2734 mL	10.5469 mL
	10 mM	0.5273 mL	2.6367 mL	5.2734 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.