Momordicoside G (Momordicacoside G) is an orally bioavailable cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside. Momordicoside G can selectively cause apoptosis in M1-like macrophages without affecting M2-like macrophages. Momordicoside G can reduce intracellular ROS levels and promote the autophagy process. Momordicoside G also has anti-cancer activity and suppresses the growth of cancer cell lines. Momordicoside G stimulates repair of M2-related lung damage and prevents inflammation-related lung cancer damage.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C37H60O8
Molecular Weight	632.87
Exact Mass	632.428
CAS #	81371-54-2
PubChem CID	91895422
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	711.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	384.0±32.9 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±5.2 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.574
LogP	5.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	8
Rotatable Bond Count	8
Heavy Atom Count	45
Complexity	1170
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	14
SMILES	C[C@@]12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)C/C=C/C(C)(C)OC)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]13CO[C@@]4(C=C[C@@H]21)C([C@H](CC[C@@H]34)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)(C)C
InChi Key	MQGABSJZVJOSCX-JFMWXBCMSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C37H60O8/c1-22(10-9-15-32(2,3)42-8)23-13-16-35(7)25-14-17-37-26(36(25,21-43-37)19-18-34(23,35)6)11-12-27(33(37,4)5)45-31-30(41)29(40)28(39)24(20-38)44-31/h9,14-15,17,22-31,38-41H,10-13,16,18-21H2,1-8H3/b15-9+/t22-,23-,24-,25+,26+,27+,28-,29-,30-,31+,34-,35+,36+,37-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(1R,4S,5S,8R,9R,12S,13S,16S)-8-[(E,2R)-6-methoxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-5,9,17,17-tetramethyl-18-oxapentacyclo[10.5.2.01,13.04,12.05,9]nonadec-2-en-16-yl]oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	In order to produce M1-like (iNOS+) and M2-like (arginase+) macrophages, Raw264.7 macrophages were activated for 24 hours with either 10 ng/mL LPS or 10 ng/mL IL-10 [1]. The cell viability of M1 macrophages is inhibited by momordicoside G (10–40 μM; 24 h), while M2 macrophages are not affected. In vitro, momordicoside G (40 μM) causes M1 macrophages to undergo apoptosis, lowers NO levels, and raises IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β levels [1]. Momordicoside G (40 μM) inhibits the amount of the autophagy-related marker LC3-B at the protein level [1].
ln Vivo	In the lung carcinogenesis model of ICR mice, urethane (HY-B1207) (600 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; once weekly for 4 or 8 weeks) or LPS (HY-D1056) (2 mg/kg; intratracheal administration) and 4 mg/mouse IEC (intraperitoneal injection) induction were used [1]. In a mouse lung carcinogenesis model, momordicoside G (50 mg/kg; oral; once daily for 4 or 8 weeks) inhibits the development of malignant lesions and urethane-induced lung damage [1]. In a model of lung damage generated by lipoprotein stress (LPS), momordicoside G (50 mg/kg; oral; once daily for 2 weeks) facilitates the repair of lung damage [1].
Cell Assay	Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages Tested Concentrations: 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Selectively diminished the cell viability of M1 macrophages, instead of M2 macrophages.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Mouse lung carcinogenic model: Urethane-induced lung carcinogenic model and LPS-induced lung injury model[1] Doses: 50 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); one time/day for 4 or 8 weeks Experimental Results: Affected inflammasome and cytokines during urethane-induced lung injury and carcinoma lesions. Exhibits macrophage-regulating capacity in LPS-induced lung injury model.
References	[1]. Momordicoside G Regulates Macrophage Phenotypes to Stimulate Efficient Repair of Lung Injury and Prevent Urethane-Induced Lung Carcinoma Lesions. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Mar 29;10:321.
Additional Infomation	Momordicoside G is a glycoside and a cucurbitacin. Momordicoside G has been reported in Momordica charantia with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.5801 mL	7.9005 mL	15.8010 mL
	5 mM	0.3160 mL	1.5801 mL	3.1602 mL
	10 mM	0.1580 mL	0.7901 mL	1.5801 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.