Kuguaglycoside C is a triterpene glycoside that can be extracted from the leaves of Momordica charantia. Kuguaglycoside C induces caspase-independent DNA cleavage and cell death in neuroblastoma cells. Kuguaglycoside C also significantly increases the expression and cleavage of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF).

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C36H56O8
Molecular Weight	616.83
Exact Mass	616.397
CAS #	1041631-93-9
PubChem CID	101447827
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	734.0±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	222.4±26.4 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±5.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.581
LogP	5.18
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	8
Rotatable Bond Count	8
Heavy Atom Count	44
Complexity	1160
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	14
SMILES	CC(C\C=C\C(C)=C)C1CCC2(C)C3C(OC4OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C4O)C=C4C(CCC(O)C4(C)C)C3(CCC12C)C=O |c:28|
InChi Key	OMBHCPPEZFBPJG-ZBAJYRRDSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C36H56O8/c1-20(2)9-8-10-21(3)22-13-14-35(7)31-25(43-32-30(42)29(41)28(40)26(18-37)44-32)17-24-23(11-12-27(39)33(24,4)5)36(31,19-38)16-15-34(22,35)6/h8-9,17,19,21-23,25-32,37,39-42H,1,10-16,18H2,2-7H3/b9-8+/t21-,22-,23-,25+,26-,27+,28-,29+,30-,31+,32-,34-,35+,36-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	(3S,7S,8S,9R,10R,13R,14S,17R)-3-hydroxy-4,4,13,14-tetramethyl-17-[(2R,4E)-6-methylhepta-4,6-dien-2-yl]-7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,7,8,10,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-9-carbaldehyde
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Kuguaglycoside C (0-100 μM, 48 h) has an IC50 of 12.6 μM, indicating considerable cytotoxicity against IMR-32 cells[1]. Kuguaglycoside C (30 μM, 48 h) demonstrated lower levels of RIP1 and survivin and elevated levels of TRADD, AIF, and DFF45, but neither caspase-3 nor caspase-9 was activated [1]. High doses (100 μM) of Kuguaglycoside C produce nuclear shrinkage, according to the Hoechst 33342 staining assay, however flow cytometry did not reveal any apoptotic bodies [1].
Cell Assay	Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: IMR-32 cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μM Incubation Duration: 48 h Experimental Results: Induced significant cytotoxicity against the IMR-32 cells, with an IC50 of 12.6 μM. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: IMR-32 cells Tested Concentrations: 30 μM Incubation Duration: 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 h Experimental Results: Activated both type I (caspase-dependent) and type II (caspase-independent) DNases. demonstrated significant PARP cleavage. demonstrated increase in the levels of TRADD, AIF and DFF45, and decrease in the levels of RIP1 and survivin. Protein levels of cleaved caspase‐3, ‐7 and ‐9 were not increased. The expression levels of p‐p38 MAPK, p‐JNK, Bax, Bcl‐2 and cytochrome c remained unchanged. Cell Cycle Analysis[1] Cell Types: IMR-32 cells Tested Concentrations: 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μM Incubation Duration: 48 h Experimental Results: Had no effect on the cells of any phase of the cell cycle in the neuroblastoma cell line.
References	[1]. Kuguaglycoside C, a constituent of Momordica charantia, induces caspase-independent cell death of neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Sci. 2012 Dec;103(12):2153-8.
Additional Infomation	Kuguaglycoside C has been reported in Momordica charantia with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.6212 mL	8.1060 mL	16.2119 mL
	5 mM	0.3242 mL	1.6212 mL	3.2424 mL
	10 mM	0.1621 mL	0.8106 mL	1.6212 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.