Inulin 9005-80-5_Endogenous Metabolite_Metabolic Enzymes_Signaling Pathways_Products

Inulin (Inulin and sodium chloride) is water soluble starch/storage polysaccharide found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan, which is a non-digestible carbohydrate. Inulin causes (20 g/d and 40 g/d) a significant increase in bifidobacterial counts in feces. Inulin exerts a preferential stimulatory effect on numbers of the health-promoting genus Bifidobacterium, whilst maintaining populations of potential pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium) at relatively low levels. Inulin combined with Bifidobacterium results in more potent inhibition of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) than administration of the two separately, achieving 80% inhibition of small ACF.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula

C6NH10N+2O5N+1

Molecular Weight

490.411

Exact Mass

285.101

CAS #

9005-80-5

Related CAS #

9005-80-5

PubChem CID

254762074

Appearance

White to off-white solid powder

Density

1,35 g/cm3

Boiling Point

563.5±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point

176-181ºC

Flash Point

294.6±32.9 °C

Vapour Pressure

0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C

Index of Refraction

1.665

Source

Plant/Helianthus tuberosus

LogP

1.91

SMILES

C1(O)[C@](CO)(OC[C@]2(O[C@H]3OC(CO)[C@@H](O)C(O)C3O)C(O)C(O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O[C@H](CO)C1O

InChi Key

UMGSZTYVVMHARA-RYKCJHNISA-N

InChi Code

InChI=1S/C17H30O16/c18-1-5-7(21)12(26)16(3-20,31-5)29-4-17(13(27)8(22)6(2-19)32-17)33-15-11(25)9(23)10(24)14(28)30-15/h5-15,18-28H,1-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-,16-,17+/m1/s1

Chemical Name

(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-(((2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-((((2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol

Synonyms

N/A

HS Tariff Code

2934.99.9001

Storage

Powder-20°C 3 years

4°C 2 years

In solvent -80°C 6 months

-20°C 1 month

Shipping Condition

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets

Endogenous Metabolite

ln Vitro

In vitro activity: Inulin causes (20 g/d and 40 g/d) a significant increase in bifidobacterial counts in feces. Inulin exerts a preferential stimulatory effect on numbers of the health-promoting genus Bifidobacterium, whilst maintaining populations of potential pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium) at relatively low levels. Inulin combined with Bifidobacterium results in more potent inhibition of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) than administration of the two separately, achieving 80% inhibition of small ACF. Inulin is made by a set of linear chains of fructose molecules, with a degree of polymerization (DP) ranging between 3 and 65, it can be fractionated into a slowly fermentable long-chain fraction (DP ranging from 10 to 65, average 25) or in a rapidly fermentable fraction made of oligofructose (DP ranging from 3 to 8, average 4). Long-chain inulin combined with short-chain oligofructose results in larger numbers of caecal, colonic and faecal bacteria of the Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale cluster than Control in rats, whereas OF alone does not affect this bacterial group in caecum, colon or faeces.

ln Vivo

Inflammation and hyperlipidemia can cause atherosclerosis. Prebiotic inulin has been proven to effectively reduce inflammation and blood lipid levels. Utilizing a mouse model induced by a high-fat diet, this study aimed to explore whether the characteristic intestinal flora and its metabolites mediate the effects of inulin intervention on atherosclerosis and to clarify the specific mechanism[4].

Diabetes mellitus resulting from hyperglycemia stands as the primary cause of diabetic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that plasma concentrations of soy isoflavones, substances with well-established antidiabetic properties, rise following supplemental inulin administration. The investigation encompassed 36 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats segregated into two cohorts: non-diabetic and diabetic, induced with type 2 diabetes (high-fat diet + two intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections). Each cohort was further divided into three subgroups (n = 6): control, isoflavone-treated, and isoflavone plus inulin-treated rats. Tail blood glucose and ketone levels were gauged. Upon termination, blood samples were drawn directly from the heart for urea, creatinine, and HbA1c/HbF analyses. One kidney per rat underwent histological (H-E) and immunohistochemical assessments (anti-AQP1, anti-AQP2, anti-AVPR2, anti-SLC22A2, anti-ACC-alpha, anti-SREBP-1). The remaining kidney underwent fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Results unveiled notable alterations in water intake, body and kidney mass, kidney morphology, fatty acids, AQP2, AVPR2, AcetylCoA, SREBP-1, blood urea, creatinine, and glucose levels in control rats with induced type 2 diabetes. Isoflavone supplementation exhibited favorable effects on plasma urea, plasma urea/creatinine ratio, glycemia, water intake, and kidney mass, morphology, and function in type 2 diabetic rats. Additional inulin supplementation frequently modulated the action of soy isoflavones[5].

Inulin results in an increase in caecal wt and beta-glucosidase activity and a decrease in caecal pH were observed in rats given inulin-containing diets (with or without B. longum).

Cell Assay

Inulin is a water soluble storage polysaccharide and belongs to a group of non-digestible carbohydrates called fructans. Inulin has attained the GRAS status in USA and is extensively available in about 36,000 species of plants, amongst, chicory roots are considered as the richest source of inulin. Commonly, inulin is used as a prebiotic, fat replacer, sugar replacer, texture modifier and for the development of functional foods in order to improve health due to its beneficial role in gastric health. This review provides a deep insight about its production, physicochemical properties, role in combating various kinds of metabolic and diet related diseases and utilization as a functional ingredient in novel product development[1].

Animal Protocol

Methods:[4]
Thirty apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were randomly divided into three groups. They were fed with a normal diet, a high-fat diet or an inulin+high-fat diet for 16 weeks. The total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the three groups were compared. The gross aorta and aortic sinus of mice were stained with oil red O, and the area of atherosclerotic plaque was observed and compared. The diversity and structure of the mouse fecal flora were detected by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and the levels of metabolites in mouse feces were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and aortic inflammatory factors were measured by multi-index flow cytometry (CBA).
Results: [4]
ApoE-/- mice fed with the high-fat diet exhibited an increase of approximately 46% in the area of atherosclerotic lesions, and the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with levels in the normal diet group. After inulin was added to the high-fat group, the area of atherosclerotic lesions, the level of serum LPS and aortic inflammation were reduced, and the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were decreased (P < 0.05). Based on 16S rRNA gene detection, we found that the composition of the intestinal microbiota, such as Prevotella, and metabolites, such as L-arginine, changed significantly due to hyperlipidemia, and the dietary inulin intervention partially reversed the relevant changes.
Conclusion: [4]
Inulin can inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which may be related to the changes in lipid metabolism, the composition of the intestinal microbial community and its metabolites, and the inhibition of the expression of related inflammatory factors. Our study identified the relationships among the characteristic intestinal microbiota, metabolites and atherosclerosis, aiming to provide a new direction for future research to delay or treat atherosclerosis by changing the composition and function of the host intestinal microbiota and metabolites.

References

[1]. J Nutr.1998 Jan;128(1):11-9;
[2]. J Appl Bacteriol.1993 Oct;75(4):373-80;
[3]. Carcinogenesis.1998 Feb;19(2):281-5.
[4]. Coron Artery Dis. 2024 May 17. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000001377.
[5]. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 May 16;25(10):5418. doi: 10.3390/ijms25105418.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO:10 mg/mL

Water:104 mg/mL

Ethanol:<1 mg/mL

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 3: Water soluble

Solubility in Formulation 4: 27.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.0391 mL	10.1956 mL	20.3911 mL
	5 mM	0.4078 mL	2.0391 mL	4.0782 mL
	10 mM	0.2039 mL	1.0196 mL	2.0391 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

PeptideDB

Inulin 9005-80-5

CAS No.: 9005-80-5

Physicochemical Properties

Biological Activity

Solubility Data