Homocarnosine TFA is a brain-specific dipeptide of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine. Homocarnosine TFA is an inhibitory neuromodulator synthesized in neurons from GABA and has anticonvulsant (antiepileptic/antiseizure) effects. Homocarnosine TFA also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, protects against DNA damage and inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C12H17F3N4O5
Molecular Weight	354.28
CAS #	2991254-59-0
Related CAS #	Homocarnosine;3650-73-5
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.(2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Human Endogenous Metabolite
ln Vitro	Synthesized in a subgroup of GABAergic neurons, homocarnosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator that is a dipeptide of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine [1]. Due to its structural resemblance to carnosine, homocarnosine is a powerful substitute for imidazole peptides in skeletal muscle. Homocarnosine shares a structure with carnosine and is made up of histidine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main distinction is that, in carnosine, GABA has one extra carbon atom than beta-alanine. Compared to carnosine, homocarnosine is more resilient to serum carnosinase breakdown. Homocarnosine functions as a neuroprotective agent in a variety of illness states and is only known to be present in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. To a similar degree as carnosine, homocarnosine exhibits antioxidant activity and guards against oxidative DNA damage [2].
References	[1]. Vigabatrin increases human brain homocarnosine and improves seizure control. Ann Neurol. 1998;44(6):948-952. [2]. Dietary GABA induces endogenous synthesis of a novel imidazole peptide homocarnosine in mouse skeletal muscles. Amino Acids. 2020;52(5):743-753.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

H2O :~125 mg/mL (~352.83 mM) DMSO :~100 mg/mL (~282.26 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 4: 25 mg/mL (70.57 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.8226 mL	14.1131 mL	28.2263 mL
	5 mM	0.5645 mL	2.8226 mL	5.6453 mL
	10 mM	0.2823 mL	1.4113 mL	2.8226 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.