 Chemical Structure.png)
Glucagon (19-29) [also known as Miniglucagon; Des(1-18) glucagon] is an endogenous short peptide acting as a regulator of the pancreatic islet physiology. It is a potent suppressor of insulin release.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C61H89N15O18S |
| Molecular Weight | 1352.53 |
| Exact Mass | 1351.62 |
| Elemental Analysis | C 54.17; H, 6.63; N, 15.53; O, 21.29; S, 2.37 |
| CAS # | 64790-15-4 |
| Related CAS # | 64790-15-4 |
| PubChem CID | 3080901 |
| Appearance | Solid powder |
| Density | 1.339 g/cm3 |
| Boiling Point | 1828.5ºC at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point | 1059.6ºC |
| Index of Refraction | 1.596 |
| LogP | 2.66 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 18 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 20 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 42 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 95 |
| Complexity | 2700 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 12 |
| SMILES | CC(C[C@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](N)C)=O)CCC(N)=O)=O)CC(O)=O)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C(C)C)=O)CCC(N)=O)=O)CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C23)=O)C(N[C@H](C(N[C@H](C(N[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@H](O)C)=O)CC(N)=O)=O)CCSC)=O)C |
| InChi Key | SVHJFTNFNMWDBS-FPLSMPAJSA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C61H89N15O18S/c1-29(2)23-40(55(87)68-39(21-22-95-7)54(86)73-43(26-47(65)80)59(91)76-50(32(6)77)61(93)94)70-56(88)42(25-34-28-66-36-16-12-11-15-35(34)36)72-53(85)38(18-20-46(64)79)69-60(92)49(30(3)4)75-58(90)41(24-33-13-9-8-10-14-33)71-57(89)44(27-48(81)82)74-52(84)37(17-19-45(63)78)67-51(83)31(5)62/h8-16,28-32,37-44,49-50,66,77H,17-27,62H2,1-7H3,(H2,63,78)(H2,64,79)(H2,65,80)(H,67,83)(H,68,87)(H,69,92)(H,70,88)(H,71,89)(H,72,85)(H,73,86)(H,74,84)(H,75,90)(H,76,91)(H,81,82)(H,93,94)/t31-,32+,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,49-,50-/m0/s1 |
| Chemical Name | (3S)-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid |
| Synonyms | Miniglucagon; Des(1-18) glucagon; Glucagon (19-29) |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.03.00 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Insulin secretion |
| ln Vitro | Glucagon (19–29) has a strong negative inotropic effect at concentrations between 0.1 pM and 1 nM. The combination of 30 nM glucagon and 1 nM glucagon (19–29)[3] results in a 45% increase in the amplitude of cell contractility, which is the most notable observation. |
| ln Vivo | Glucagon (19-29) is the COOH-terminal (19-29) fragment that is extracted from glucagon. It is also referred to as Miniglucagon. Insulin secretion induced by 8.3 M glucose is dose-dependently inhibited by glucagon (19–29), while the perfusion flow rate remains unchanged. A 1 nM glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide-potentiated insulin secretion is significantly inhibited by a concentration of 1 nM glucagon (19-29)[1]. By hyperpolarizing voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels connected to a pathway involving a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, glucagon (19–29) is a highly effective and potent inhibitor of insulin release[2]. |
| Animal Protocol | Rats: Miniglucagon (1, 10, 100, and 1,000 pM) is perfused with or without 1 nM tGLP-1 during the 45-minute equilibration period, in order to assess the impact of miniglucagon (Glucagon (19-29)) on stimulated insulin secretion. To study the glucagon and miniglucagon secretion, the glucose concentration is switched from 11 to 3 mM after a 45-min stabilization period, and the peptides secreted are measured by radioimmunoassay[1]. |
| References |
[1]. Miniglucagon (glucagon 19-29), a potent and efficient inhibitor of secretagogue-induced insulin release through a Ca2+ pathway. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 16;274(16):10869-76. [2]. Miniglucagon (glucagon 19-29): a novel regulator of the pancreatic islet physiology. Diabetes. 2002 Feb;51(2):406-12. [3]. Miniglucagon [glucagon-(19-29)] is a component of the positive inotropic effect of glucagon. Am J Physiol. 1991 May;260(5 Pt 1):C993-9. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | DMSO: ≥ 25 mg/mL (~18.5 mM) |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.7394 mL | 3.6968 mL | 7.3936 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1479 mL | 0.7394 mL | 1.4787 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0739 mL | 0.3697 mL | 0.7394 mL |