GCGR antagonist 2 is a furan-2-carbohydrazide compound that is an orally bioactive glucagon receptor antagonist. The Kd of GCGR antagonist 2 binding to hGluR is 2.3 nM, and the IC50 of inhibiting the rat receptor is 0.43 nM. GCGR antagonist 2 inhibits glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C28H26N4O2
Molecular Weight	450.53
Exact Mass	450.206
CAS #	280134-25-0
PubChem CID	9955419
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
LogP	5.839
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	4
Rotatable Bond Count	5
Heavy Atom Count	34
Complexity	777
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	C(NN=CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2CC1=C(C)C(C)=CC(C)=C1C)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C(C#N)=C1
InChi Key	HNTXQDRFWJBZGO-FJEPWZHXSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C28H26N4O2/c1-17-12-18(2)20(4)25(19(17)3)16-32-11-10-24-22(6-5-7-26(24)32)15-30-31-28(34)21-8-9-27(33)23(13-21)14-29/h5-13,15,33H,16H2,1-4H3,(H,31,34)/b30-15+
Chemical Name	3-cyano-4-hydroxy-N-[(E)-[1-[(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)methyl]indol-4-yl]methylideneamino]benzamide
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Under 5 nM glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in primary rat hepatocytes, GCGR antagonist 2 (Compound 74) (25 nM, 250 nM, and 2500 nM; 70 min) inhibits the process with an IC50 of 160 nM [1]. Inhibits recombinant human glucagon receptor suppresses glucagon-stimulated cAMP levels in BHK cells (at 25 nM, 250 nM, and 2500 nM; 60 min) [1]. Glucagon-stimulated cAMP levels in BHK cells are suppressed and isolated rat liver glucagon receptors are inhibited by GCGR antagonist 2 (1 nM, 10 nM, and 100 nM; 60 min) [1].
ln Vivo	GCGR antagonist 2 (0.5 mg/kg IV or 2 mg/kg PO; single dose) had an average half-life of 1.11 hours and 1.40 hours, respectively [1]. In glucagon-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rats, GCGR antagonist 2 (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg; oral) at least partially suppresses endogenous glucagon and maintains euglycemic status[1].
References	[1]. Madsen P, et al. Optimization of alkylidene hydrazide based human glucagon receptor antagonists. Discovery of the highly potent and orally available 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene]hydrazide. J Med Chem. 2002 Dec 19;45(26):5755-75. [2]. Hasegawa F, et al. Discovery of furan-2-carbohydrazides as orally active glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014 Sep 1;24(17):4266-70.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.2196 mL	11.0980 mL	22.1961 mL
	5 mM	0.4439 mL	2.2196 mL	4.4392 mL
	10 mM	0.2220 mL	1.1098 mL	2.2196 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.