Fenobam hydrate is a selective and orally active mGluR5 antagonist (IC50=84 nM) that can cross the blood-brain barrier. The Kd values of fenobam hydrate on rat and human recombinant mGlu5 receptors are 54 nM and 31 nM, respectively. Fenobam hydrate has anxiolytic activity, can inhibit the self-administration behavior of rats, and can also induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Fenobam hydrate can be used in the study of neurological diseases, cancer, and drug addiction.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C11H13CLN4O3
Molecular Weight	284.70
Exact Mass	284.068
CAS #	63540-28-3
PubChem CID	135416855
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
LogP	1.452
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Heavy Atom Count	19
Complexity	385
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	CN\1CC(=O)N/C1=N\C(=O)NC2=CC(=CC=C2)Cl.O
InChi Key	UNFQKKSADLVQJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C11H11ClN4O2.H2O/c1-16-6-9(17)14-10(16)15-11(18)13-8-4-2-3-7(12)5-8;/h2-5H,6H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,17,18);1H2
Chemical Name	(3E)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene)urea;hydrate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	mGluR5 84 nM (IC50) human mGluR5 31 nM (Kd) rat mGluR5 54 nM (Kd)
ln Vitro	Fenobam hydrate (300 μM; 72 h) significantly inhibited the proliferation of LM7 cells and induced apoptosis[2]. Fenobam hydrate
ln Vivo	Fenobam hydrate (30-60 mg/kg; po; 3 times a week) significantly inhibits the self-administration behavior of rats[3].
Cell Assay	Apoptosis Analysis[2] Cell Types: LM7 cells Tested Concentrations: 300 μM Incubation Duration: 72 h Experimental Results: Significantly reduced total number of cells, proliferating cells, and induced apoptosis.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Male Long-Evans rats (250-300 g)[3]. Doses: 30-60 mg/kg Route of Administration: Oral administration; 3 times a week. Experimental Results: Inhibited self-administration.
References	[1].Fenobam: a clinically validated nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic is a potent, selective, and noncompetitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Nov;315(2):711-21. [2].Osteosarcoma cell proliferation and survival requires mGluR5 receptor activity and is blocked by Riluzole. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 23;12(2):e0171256. [3].Fenobam sulfate inhibits cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking behavior in rats: implications for addiction treatment in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;229(2):253-265.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.5125 mL	17.5623 mL	35.1247 mL
	5 mM	0.7025 mL	3.5125 mL	7.0249 mL
	10 mM	0.3512 mL	1.7562 mL	3.5125 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.