Endothelin-1 (1-31) (Human) acetate is a potent vasoconstrictor and blood pressure increase. Endothelin-1 (1-31) (Human) acetate is derived from the selective hydrolysis of large ET-1 by chymase.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C164H240N38O49S5
Molecular Weight	3688.21
Related CAS #	Endothelin-1 (1-31) (Human) TFA;Endothelin-1 (1-31) (Human);133972-52-8
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	The proliferation of human mesangial cells is induced by endothelin-1(1-31)(Human)(100 pM-100 nM; 24 h) acetate [2]. Human mesangial cells stimulate ERK activation in response to endothelin-1(1-31)(100 nM; 0–10 min) acetate [2].
ln Vivo	Mice's mesenteric arteries constrict in response to ET-1 (1-31) acetate (100 nM; single dosage). Age may cause contractions to worsen and may be mediated by ETA receptors. There are distinct distinctions between men and women in the contemporary chronic diabetes scenario [1].
Cell Assay	Cell Proliferation Assay[2] Cell Types: Human mesangial cells Tested Concentrations: 100 pM-100 nM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Caused an increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation into the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Western Blot Analysis[2] Cell Types: Human mesangial cells Tested Concentrations: 100 nM Incubation Duration: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min Experimental Results: ERK activities rapidly increased 2.45-fold at 5 min and peaked at 10 min. The activities of both ERKs rapidly declined, returning to the baseline control value 30 min after stimulation.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: ICR mice, Streptozocin (HY-13753)-induced diabetic model[1] Doses: 100 nM Route of Administration: In the organ bath, single dose Experimental Results: In the 1-week control (but not diabetic) group, induced contraction and the contractile response was Dramatically greater in female mice than in male mice, and there was no significant difference in either male or female mice between the age-matched controls and the diabetic mice. In the 8-weeks group, the contraction was or tended to be increased compared with the corresponding 1-week group in all mice. Although in male mice this contraction was not different between control and diabetic groups, it was Dramatically greater in diabetic female mice than in the control female mice and in female diabetic mice than in male diabetic mice. The contraction was inhibited by ETA receptor inhibitor.
References	[1]. Gender differences in vascular reactivity to endothelin-1 (1-31) in mesenteric arteries from diabetic mice. Peptides. 2008 Aug;29(8):1338-46. [2]. Effect of endothelin-1 (1-31) on human mesangial cell proliferation. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;84(2):146-55.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.2711 mL	1.3557 mL	2.7113 mL
	5 mM	0.0542 mL	0.2711 mL	0.5423 mL
	10 mM	0.0271 mL	0.1356 mL	0.2711 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.