DL-alanine is an amino acid (AA) that is a racemic compound of L- and D-alanine. DL-alanine was used for nanoparticle generation together with aqueous silver nitrate solution as a reducing agent and capping agent. DL-alanine may be utilized in the study of chelation of transition metals such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(11), etc. DL-alanine is a sweetener grouped with glycine and saccharin sodium. DL-alanine plays a key role in the glucose-alanine cycle between tissues and liver [4].

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C3H7NO2
Molecular Weight	89.09
Exact Mass	89.047
CAS #	302-72-7
Related CAS #	D-Alanine;338-69-2;L-Alanine;56-41-7;DL-Alanine-13C-1;102029-81-2;DL-Alanine-13C-3;131157-42-1;DL-Alanine-d3;53795-94-1;DL-Alanine-15N;71261-64-8
PubChem CID	602
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	212.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	272-275ºC
Flash Point	82.6±22.6 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.1±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.460
LogP	-0.68
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Heavy Atom Count	6
Complexity	61.8
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)
Chemical Name	2-aminopropanoic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Human Endogenous Metabolite
References	[1]. Mixed ligand complexes of benzimidazole and pyrimidine hydroxy azo dyes with some transition metals and glycine, dl-alanine or dl-leucine. Talanta. 1998 Aug;46(4):491-500. [2]. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dl-alanine for ESR dosimetry applications. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. Volume 81, Issue 3, 2012: Pages 301-307. [3]. Biosynthesis of Self-Dispersed Silver Colloidal Particles Using the Aqueous Extract of P. peruviana for Sensing dl-Alanine. Isrn Nanotechnology, 2014, 2014:1-7. [4]. Taste stimuli: a behavioral categorization. Science. 1968 Aug 16;161(3842):708-10. [5]. Terahertz absorption spectra of L-, D-, and DL-alanine and their application to determination of enantiometric composition. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 86(5): 053903. [6]. Gustatory reaction time to various sweeteners in human adults. Physiol Behav. 1985 Sep;35(3):411-5. [7]. Study on teratogenicity of DL-alanine in SD rats. Journal of Food Safety and Quality. 2021, 2095-0381.
Additional Infomation	Alanine is an alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate base of an alaninium. It is a conjugate acid of an alaninate. It is a tautomer of an alanine zwitterion. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. DL-Alanine has been reported in Drosophila melanogaster, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Alanine is a small non-essential amino acid in humans, Alanine is one of the most widely used for protein construction and is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin pyridoxine. Alanine is an important source of energy for muscles and central nervous system, strengthens the immune system, helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids, and displays a cholesterol-reducing effect in animals. (NCI04) DL-Alanine is a racemic mixture of alanine, a non-essential alpha-amino acid. Alanine is one of the most common residues for protein synthesis and is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin pyridoxine. Furthermore, alanine is an important source of energy for muscles and central nervous system. It strengthens the immune system, helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids, and displays a cholesterol-reducing effect in animals. A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Alanine (annotation moved to); D-Alanine (annotation moved to). Drug Indication Used for protein synthesis. Mechanism of Action L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. BCAAs are used as a source of energy for muscle cells. During prolonged exercise, BCAAs are released from skeletal muscles and their carbon backbones are used as fuel, while their nitrogen portion is used to form another amino acid, Alanine. Alanine is then converted to Glucose by the liver. This form of energy production is called the Alanine-Glucose cycle, and it plays a major role in maintaining the body's blood sugar balance.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

H2O: 50 mg/mL (561.23 mM) DMSO: < 1 mg/mL

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	11.2246 mL	56.1230 mL	112.2460 mL
	5 mM	2.2449 mL	11.2246 mL	22.4492 mL
	10 mM	1.1225 mL	5.6123 mL	11.2246 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.