Balanophonin is an anti~inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. Balanophonin inhibits microglial activation and neurodegeneration by inhibiting apoptosis induced by activated microglia.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C20H20O6
Molecular Weight	356.369
Exact Mass	356.126
CAS #	80286-36-8
PubChem CID	21582569
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
LogP	2.831
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	6
Heavy Atom Count	26
Complexity	495
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	2
SMILES	COC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(C2CO)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)C=CC=O
InChi Key	GWCSSLSMGCFIFR-GWKPYITFSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C20H20O6/c1-24-17-10-13(5-6-16(17)23)19-15(11-22)14-8-12(4-3-7-21)9-18(25-2)20(14)26-19/h3-10,15,19,22-23H,11H2,1-2H3/b4-3+/t15-,19+/m1/s1
Chemical Name	(E)-3-[(2R,3S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]prop-2-enal
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	COX-2 p38
ln Vitro	Balanophonin (1–10 μM; 24 h) decreases NO generation in BV2 cells and TLR4 activation mediated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS; HY-D1056) [1]. In microglia, LPS-induced iNOS and COX2 protein expression, as well as TNF-α and IL-1β production, are inhibited by balanophonin (1–10 μM; 6 h) [1]. Effectively inhibiting MAPK activity, balanophonin (1-10 μM; 30 min) [1]. By controlling the cleavage of cleaved caspase-3 and polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in N2a cells, balanophonin (1–10 μM; 24 h) prevents neuronal cell death brought on by LPS-activated microglia [1].
Cell Assay	Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: LPS-activated BV-2 cells Tested Concentrations: 1, 5, and 10 μM Incubation Duration: 30 min for MAPKs, 6 h for iNOS and COX2 and 24 h for PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β Experimental Results: Downregulated TLR4. decreased iNOS and COX2 expression. Dramatically decreased the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β. diminished the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as pERK, pJNK, and p-p38. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: Neuroblastoma N2a cells Tested Concentrations: 1, 5, and 10 μM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Slightly increased Bcl-2. Inhibited caspase- 3 activation and PARP cleavage.
References	[1]. A New Neolignan Derivative, Balanophonin Isolated from Firmiana simplex Delays the Progress of Neuronal Cell Death by Inhibiting Microglial Activation. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2017 Sep 1;25(5):519-527.
Additional Infomation	Balanophonin has been reported in Tarenna attenuata, Aeschynanthus bracteatus, and other organisms with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.8061 mL	14.0304 mL	28.0607 mL
	5 mM	0.5612 mL	2.8061 mL	5.6121 mL
	10 mM	0.2806 mL	1.4030 mL	2.8061 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.