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Azelastine HCl (Allergodil; Astelin; Optivar; Rhinolast; Azeptin), the hydrochloride salt of azelastine, is a potent, 2nd-generation, and selective histamine receptor antagonist used for the treatment of rhinitis. In addition to its antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties unrelated to H1-receptor binding, azelastine HCl exhibits antiallergic effects linked to histamine antagonism. Azelastine has been demonstrated to prevent mast cell production of TNF alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 by preventing NF-κB activation.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C22H25CL2N3O | |
| Molecular Weight | 418.36 | |
| Exact Mass | 417.137 | |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 63.16; H, 6.02; Cl, 16.95; N, 10.04; O, 3.82 | |
| CAS # | 79307-93-0 | |
| Related CAS # | Azelastine; 58581-89-8; Azelastine-13C,d3 hydrochloride | |
| PubChem CID | 54360 | |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid powder | |
| Density | 1.25 g/cm3 | |
| Boiling Point | 533.9ºC at 760 mmHg | |
| Melting Point | 225-229ºC | |
| Flash Point | 276.7ºC | |
| LogP | 5.037 | |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 | |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 3 | |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 3 | |
| Heavy Atom Count | 28 | |
| Complexity | 558 | |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 | |
| SMILES | Cl.O=C1N(C2CCCN(C)CC2)N=C(CC2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)C2C1=CC=CC=2 |
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| InChi Key | YEJAJYAHJQIWNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C22H24ClN3O.ClH/c1-25-13-4-5-18(12-14-25)26-22(27)20-7-3-2-6-19(20)21(24-26)15-16-8-10-17(23)11-9-16;/h2-3,6-11,18H,4-5,12-15H2,1H3;1H | |
| Chemical Name | 4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-(1-methylazepan-4-yl)phthalazin-1-one;hydrochloride | |
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| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 | |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
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| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | H1 Receptor | |
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| ln Vivo |
Azelastine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 8 weeks) (4 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 8 weeks) significantly lowers blood glucose, HbA1c, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, and apolipoprotein B in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model[2]. Azelastine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 8 weeks) improves the lipid profile (LDL-c decrease and HDL-c increase) in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model[2]. Azelastine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 8 weeks) reduces calcium deposition and aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model[2]. |
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Line: Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC) Concentration: 100 μM, 400 μM Incubation Time: 21 days Result: Inhibited HNEpC growth. |
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| Animal Protocol |
Male albino Wistar rats (150-170 g), diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model 4 mg/kg Oral administration, daily, for 8 weeks |
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| References |
[1]. Review of the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of azelastine hydrochloridel. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2005 Jul;1(2):191-201. [2]. Azelastine a potent antihistamine agent, as hypolipidemic and modulator for aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020 Jul 2;1-8. [3]. Azelastine potentiates antiasthmatic dexamethasone effect on a murine asthma model. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2019 Dec; 7(6): e00531. [4]. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors among already approved drugs. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020 Oct 28: 1–7. [5]. Effect of budesonide and azelastine on histamine signaling regulation in human nasal epithelial cells. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Feb;274(2):845-853. |
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| Additional Infomation |
Azelastine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of azelastine. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a bronchodilator agent, an anti-asthmatic drug, an anti-allergic agent, a H1-receptor antagonist and an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor. It contains an azelastine. Azelastine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of azelastine, a phthalazinone derivative with antihistaminergic activity. Azelastine hydrochloride competes with histamine for the H1 receptor, thereby diminishing the actions of histamine on effector cells and decreasing the histamine-mediated symptoms of allergic reaction, such as bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and spasmodic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. See also: Azelastine (has active moiety); Azelastine hydrochloride; fluticasone propionate (component of). |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.98 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.98 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3903 mL | 11.9514 mL | 23.9029 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4781 mL | 2.3903 mL | 4.7806 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2390 mL | 1.1951 mL | 2.3903 mL |