Amisulpride HCl (Barhemsys; Solian; Amazeo; Aminosultopride; Amipride; Amival; Deniban; Amisulprida; Soltus; DAN-2163; Sulpitac; Sulprix), the hydrochloride salt of Amisulpride, is an atypical antipsychotic medication approved for treating psychosis in schizophrenia and episodes of mania in bipolar disorders. In Italy, it has also been used to treat dysthymia.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C17H28CLN3O4S
Molecular Weight	405.938
Exact Mass	405.148
Elemental Analysis	C, 50.30; H, 6.95; Cl, 8.73; N, 10.35; O, 15.76; S, 7.90
CAS #	81342-13-4
Related CAS #	Amisulpride; 71675-85-9
PubChem CID	10046897
Appearance	Solid powder
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	7
Heavy Atom Count	26
Complexity	549
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	CCN1C(CNC(C2=CC(S(=O)(CC)=O)=C(N)C=C2OC)=O)CCC1.Cl
InChi Key	XFOYXFDTUMXXFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C17H27N3O4S.ClH/c1-4-20-8-6-7-12(20)11-19-17(21)13-9-16(25(22,23)5-2)14(18)10-15(13)24-3;/h9-10,12H,4-8,11,18H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21);1H
Chemical Name	4-amino-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-5-ethylsulfonyl-2-methoxybenzamide;hydrochloride
Synonyms	Barhemsys; Solian; APD421; APD 421; APD-421; Amazeo; Aminosultopride; Amipride; Amival; Deniban; AmisulpridaSoltus; DAN-2163; Sulpitac; Sulprix
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	D2 Receptor ( Ki = 2.8 nM ); D3 Receptor ( Ki = 3.2 nM )
ln Vitro	In vitro activity: Amisulpride hydrochloride is an unconventional antagonist of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor, with a Kis of 2.8 and 3.2 nM for human D2 and D3, respectively. The [3H]thymidine incorporation induced by quinpirole is inhibited by Amisulpride hydrochloride (100 nM) with an IC50 value of 22±3 nM (n=3). Amisulpride hydrochloride counteracts the inhibitory effects of 7-OH-DPAT in both brain areas and slightly but significantly increases [3H]dopamine release from slices of the rat striatum (S2/S1=0.88±0.04 under control conditions, n=6; 1.04±0.08 in the presence of 100 nM Amisulpride hydrochloride, n=4; P<0.05)[1].
ln Vivo	Only the highest dose of Amisulpride hydrochloride (100 mg/kg) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the striatum or limbic system. At doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg, Amisulpride hydrochloride dramatically increases the synthesis of dopamine in the rat limbic system and striatum. Amisulpride hydrochloride (0.5 to 75 mg/kg) does not cause an additional rise in dopa accumulation in the striatum, but it does cause a slight acceleration of dopamine synthesis in the limbic system at 75 mg/kg. Amisulpride hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) raises extracellular dopamine levels when compared to vehicle-treated controls. The stimulation-evoked release of dopamine increases in a dose- and time-dependent manner when Amisulpride hydrochloride (0.5 to 15 mg/kg s.c.) is administered. Amisulpride hydrochloride (70 mg/kg, p.o.) considerably lengthens swimming behavior in both acute studies [F(3,28)=45.90, p<0.01].[2].
Cell Assay	Amisulpride hydrochloride's functional effects at the dopamine D3 receptor subtype are evaluated. In summary, [3H]thymidine incorporation measures the mitogenic response induced in NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma cells stably transfected with human dopamine D3 receptor cDNA by adding 10 nM quinpirole in the presence of 1 μM forskolin. When Amisulpride hydrochloride concentrations increase from 0.1 to 100 nM, the antagonism of quinpirole-induced mitogenesis is measured[1].
Animal Protocol	The entire weight of the 64 male Swiss albino mice used ranges from 20 to 30 g. Regular pellet food and unlimited water are provided to the animals. Each group of mice consists of eight mice, and the following is how the drugs are given to the mice: Distilled water (1 mL/kg) was given to Group 1 (control) 23.5, 5 and 1 hours prior to the exam. Amisulpride hydrochloride (70 mg/kg) was administered to Group 3 participants 23.5, 5 and 1 hour prior to the exam[2].
References	[1]. Neurochemical characteristics of amisulpride, an atypical dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with both presynaptic and limbic selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jan;280(1):83-97. [2]. Evaluation of antidepressant like property of amisulpride per se and its comparison with fluoxetine and olanzapine using forced swimming test in albino mice. Acta Pol Pharm. 2009 May-Jun;66(3):327-31.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: ~50 mg/mL (~135.3 mM) H2O: ~0.2 mg/mL (~0.5 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.4634 mL	12.3171 mL	24.6342 mL
	5 mM	0.4927 mL	2.4634 mL	4.9268 mL
	10 mM	0.2463 mL	1.2317 mL	2.4634 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.