3-Hydroxykynurenine is a tryptophan metabolite and a potential endogenous neurotoxin whose expression levels are elevated in several neurodegenerative diseases. 3-Hydroxykynurenine induces nerve cell apoptosis (apoptosis).

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C10H12N2O4
Molecular Weight	224.21
Exact Mass	224.08
CAS #	484-78-6
Related CAS #	3-Hydroxykynurenine-13C3,15N;2267306-16-9
PubChem CID	89
Appearance	Light yellow to yellow solid powder
Density	1.461g/cm3
Boiling Point	519.3ºC at 760mmHg
Melting Point	217 °C
Flash Point	267.9ºC
Vapour Pressure	1.49E-12mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.635
LogP	1.24
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	4
Heavy Atom Count	16
Complexity	282
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	VCKPUUFAIGNJHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C10H12N2O4/c11-6(10(15)16)4-8(14)5-2-1-3-7(13)9(5)12/h1-3,6,13H,4,11-12H2,(H,15,16)
Chemical Name	2-amino-4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Human Endogenous Metabolite
ln Vitro	3-Hydroxykynurenine-induced neuronal cell death demonstrates a number of apoptotic traits [1]. 3-Hydroxykynurenine is a byproduct of the primary tryptophan (Trp) metabolic pathway, the kynurenine pathway [1]. 3. Under pathological circumstances, 3-hydroxykynurenine functions as an endogenous neurotoxic in the brain [1]. 3-With an IC50 of roughly 70 μM, hydroxykynurenine (20-100 μM) strongly suppresses CD4+ T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner[2]. 3. Significant CD4+ T cell-mediated cell death is induced in a dose-dependent manner by hydroxykynurenine (20–100 μM) [2].
ln Vivo	3-Hydroxykynurenine (560 mg/kg IP daily on days 1 to 7, 7 to 14, or 1 to 14) caused graft survival to be considerably extended on days 1 through 7 and on days 7 through 14 [2].
Cell Assay	Cell Proliferation Assay[2] Cell Types: CD3/CD28 bead-stimulated CD4+ T cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μM Incubation Duration: 72 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Dramatically inhibited CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of approximately 70 μM.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: BALB/c (H2d) mice[2] Doses: 560 mg/kg Route of Administration: IP injection Experimental Results: There was significant prolongation of graft survival in all treatment groups in comparison to the controls.
References	[1]. 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity. J Neurochem. 1998 Jan;70(1):299-307. [2]. 3-hydroxykynurenine suppresses CD4+ T-cell proliferation, induces T-regulatory-cell development, and prolongs corneal allograft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr 22;52(5):2640-8.
Additional Infomation	3-hydroxykynurenine is a hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a human metabolite. 3-Hydroxykynurenine has been reported in Eremothecium ashbyi, Euglena gracilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

1M HCl : 33.33 mg/mL (148.66 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	4.4601 mL	22.3005 mL	44.6010 mL
	5 mM	0.8920 mL	4.4601 mL	8.9202 mL
	10 mM	0.4460 mL	2.2301 mL	4.4601 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.