2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is an oligosaccharide found in breast milk. 2'-Fucosyllactose regulates the expression of CD14, relieves colitis, and regulates intestinal flora. 2'-Fucosyllactose stimulates T cells to increase IFN-γ production and decrease IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α cytokine production.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C18H32O15
Molecular Weight	488.44
Exact Mass	488.174
CAS #	41263-94-9
PubChem CID	170484
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.68g/cm3
Boiling Point	902.2ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	230-231 °C
Flash Point	311.9ºC
Vapour Pressure	0mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.631
LogP	-6.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	10
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	15
Rotatable Bond Count	10
Heavy Atom Count	33
Complexity	609
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	14
SMILES	C[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@@H](CO)O)[C@@H]([C@H](C=O)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O)O
InChi Key	HWHQUWQCBPAQQH-BWRPKUOHSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C18H32O15/c1-5-9(24)12(27)14(29)17(30-5)33-16-13(28)11(26)8(4-21)31-18(16)32-15(7(23)3-20)10(25)6(22)2-19/h2,5-18,20-29H,3-4H2,1H3/t5-,6-,7+,8+,9+,10+,11-,12+,13-,14-,15+,16+,17-,18-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(2R,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Target: IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α[1]
ln Vitro	In T84 cells, 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL; 0–12 mg/mL; 48 h) attenuates LPS (100 μg/mL) and stimulates IL-8 secretion while suppressing cell-associated CD14 expression[1]. In T84 and HCT8 cells, 2'-Fucosyllactose (2 mg/mL; 48 h) reduces inflammation brought on by bacterial invasion. Inhibiting ETEC invasion and reducing the ensuing IL-8 release are the two effects of 2'-fucosyllactose[1]. In T84 and HCT8 cells, 2'-fucosyllactose (2 mg/mL; 48 h) activates signal pathways for macrophage migration inhibitory factor, which reduces inflammation[1].
ln Vivo	2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL; 100 mg (200 μL); ig; daily, for 4 d; C57BL/6 mice with AIEC infection) reduces inflammation and AIEC infection in vivo[1].
Cell Assay	Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: T84 cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 2, and 4 mg/mL Incubation Duration: 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Suppressed CD14 mRNA and decreased cell-associated CD14 protein expression. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: T84 and HCT8 cellsT84 and HCT8 cells Tested Concentrations: 2 mg/mL Incubation Duration: 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Suppressed CD14 mRNA and decreased cell-associated CD14 protein expression. Inhibited CD14 and NF-κB induction. Induced iκB and SOCS2 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks) with AIEC (uropathogenic E. coli, and adherent-invasive E. coli) infection[1] Doses: 100 mg (200 μL) Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); daily, for 4 days Experimental Results: Had colons lengths were closer to normal. Inhibited the colonization of the colonic mucosa by O83-positive bacteria. diminished CD14 expression, CD14 mRNA levels, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF -α levels in colonic.
References	[1]. The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose modulates CD14 expression in human enterocytes, thereby attenuating LPS-induced inflammation. Gut. 2016 Jan;65(1):33-46. [2]. Human milk--derived oligosaccharides and plant-derived oligosaccharides stimulate cytokine production of cord blood T-cells in vitro. Pediatr Res. 2004 Oct;56(4):536-40.
Additional Infomation	2'-Fucosyllactose is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03847467 (Pilot and Feasibility Study of 2'-FL as a Dietary Supplement in IBD Patients Receiving Stable Maintenance Anti-tnf Therapy).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

H2O : 50 mg/mL (102.37 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.0473 mL	10.2367 mL	20.4733 mL
	5 mM	0.4095 mL	2.0473 mL	4.0947 mL
	10 mM	0.2047 mL	1.0237 mL	2.0473 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.