Pivagabine (CXB 722) is a hydrophobic 4-aminobutyric acid analogue with neuromodulatory activity. Pivagabine penetrates the BBB (blood-brain barrier) in rats. Pivagabine antagonizes the effects of foot shock on GABAA receptor function and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentration in the rat brain.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C9H17NO3
Molecular Weight	187.23618
Exact Mass	187.121
CAS #	69542-93-4
PubChem CID	68888
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.053g/cm3
Boiling Point	397ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	193.9ºC
Index of Refraction	1.462
LogP	1.853
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	5
Heavy Atom Count	13
Complexity	194
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	SRPNQDXRVRCTNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C9H17NO3/c1-9(2,3)8(13)10-6-4-5-7(11)12/h4-6H2,1-3H3,(H,10,13)(H,11,12)
Chemical Name	4-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)butanoic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vivo	One hour prior to sacrifice on day five, ivagabine (CXB 722) (200 mg/kg; intraperitoneal; twice daily for four days) inhibits the impact of foot impact stress on CRF concentrations in both brain regions [2].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Adult male SD (SD (Sprague-Dawley)) CD rat (200-250 g) [2] Doses: 200 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; twice (two times) daily for 4 days, results 1 hour before sacrifice on day 5 Experimental Results: Preventing the effects of foot impact stress on CRF concentrations in two brain regions. The CRF concentration in the hypothalamus was diminished by 52%, but had no effect on the CRF concentration in the cerebral cortex.
References	[1]. Pivagabine: a novel psychoactive drug. Arzneimittelforschung. 1997 Nov;47(11A):1306-9. [2]. Antagonism by pivagabine of stress-induced changes in GABAA receptor function and corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in rat brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999 Apr;24(3):269-84.
Additional Infomation	Pivagabine is an organooxygen compound and an organonitrogen compound. It is functionally related to a gamma-amino acid. Pivagabine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Stress and Anxiety.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~267.04 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	5.3407 mL	26.7037 mL	53.4074 mL
	5 mM	1.0681 mL	5.3407 mL	10.6815 mL
	10 mM	0.5341 mL	2.6704 mL	5.3407 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.