Phycocyanobilin is an orally bioactive antioxidant (reactive oxygen species) and an effective reactive oxygen species scavenger. Phycocyanobilin may be used in AD/Alzheimer's disease study.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C33H38N4O6
Molecular Weight	586.68
Exact Mass	586.279
CAS #	20298-86-6
PubChem CID	20055378
Appearance	Blue to dark blue solid powder
Density	1.31±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	892.1±65.0 °C
LogP	3.128
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	7
Rotatable Bond Count	10
Heavy Atom Count	43
Complexity	1460
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	1
SMILES	CCC1=C(C(=NC1=O)/C=C\2/C(=C(/C(=C/C3=C(C(=C(N3)/C=C\4/C(=C/C)/[C@H](C(=O)N4)C)C)CCC(=O)O)/N2)CCC(=O)O)C)C
InChi Key	NNMALANKTSRILL-GSZAROSWSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C33H38N4O6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7,13-15,19,34-35H,8-12H2,1-6H3,(H,37,42)(H,38,39)(H,40,41)/b20-7+,24-13-,27-14-,28-15-/t19-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	3-[(2Z,5Z)-2-[[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-[(Z)-[(3E,4R)-3-ethylidene-4-methyl-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-ylidene]methyl]-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]-5-[(4-ethyl-3-methyl-5-oxopyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-methylpyrrol-3-yl]propanoic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Phycocyanobilin (100 μM; 0-250 min) prolongs the induction period by inhibiting methyl linoleate peroxidation [1]. The oxidation of liposomes is inhibited by phycocyanobilin (1 mM; 0-300 min) [1].
ln Vivo	In type 2 diabetic mice, phycocyanobilin (15 mg/kg; po; in diet for 2 weeks) exhibits antioxidant properties[3].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Male C57BL/Ks J db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes[3] Doses: 15 mg/kg Route of Administration: In diet for 2 weeks Experimental Results: Dramatically diminished blood glucose levels. Normalized the increases in urinary 8 -OHdG and 8-epi-PGF2α levels, renal oxidative stress markers evaluated by renal 8-OHdG staining and DHE staining, Nox4 mRNA, and protein expression, as well as the mRNA levels of other NAD(P)H oxidase components, inflammatory markers and HO-1.
References	[1]. Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2000, 12: 435-439. [2]. Nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Phycocyanobilin for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Biosci. 2021;46:42. [3]. Phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis protect against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013 Jan 15;304(2):R110-20.
Additional Infomation	(3E)-phycocyanobilin is a (2R)-phycocyanobilin. It is a conjugate acid of a (3E)-phycocyanobilin(2-).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	DMSO: < 1 mg/mL
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 1 mg/mL (1.70 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication (<60°C).  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.7045 mL	8.5225 mL	17.0451 mL
	5 mM	0.3409 mL	1.7045 mL	3.4090 mL
	10 mM	0.1705 mL	0.8523 mL	1.7045 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.