 Chemical Structure.png)
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C61H88N18O21S2 |
| Molecular Weight | 1473.59 |
| Exact Mass | 1472.581 |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 49.72; H, 6.02; N, 17.11; O, 22.80; S, 4.35 |
| CAS # | 68247-85-8 |
| Related CAS # | 70384-29-1 (sulfate); 68247-85-8; |
| PubChem CID | 6852373 |
| Appearance | Typically exists as solid at room temperature |
| Density | 1.6±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Index of Refraction | 1.689 |
| LogP | -6.7 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 21 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 32 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 38 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 102 |
| Complexity | 2740 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 20 |
| SMILES | NC([C@H](CN[C@H](C1N=C(N)C(C)=C(C(N[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]2O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC(=O)N)[C@@H]2O)C2=CN=CN2)C(N[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C(N[C@H](C(NCCC2SC=C(C3SC=C(C(NCCCN[C@H](C4=CC=CC=C4)C)=O)N=3)N=2)=O)[C@H](O)C)=O)C)O)C)=O)=O)N=1)CC(=O)N)N)=O |
| InChi Key | QIMGFXOHTOXMQP-GFAGFCTOSA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C61H88N18O21S2/c1-24-39(76-52(79-50(24)64)31(16-37(63)83)71-17-30(62)51(65)89)56(93)78-41(47(32-18-67-23-72-32)98-60-49(45(87)43(85)35(19-80)97-60)99-59-46(88)48(100-61(66)95)44(86)36(20-81)96-59)57(94)73-27(4)42(84)25(2)53(90)77-40(28(5)82)55(92)70-15-12-38-74-34(22-101-38)58-75-33(21-102-58)54(91)69-14-9-13-68-26(3)29-10-7-6-8-11-29/h6-8,10-11,18,21-23,25-28,30-31,35-36,40-49,59-60,68,71,80-82,84-88H,9,12-17,19-20,62H2,1-5H3,(H2,63,83)(H2,65,89)(H2,66,95)(H,67,72)(H,69,91)(H,70,92)(H,73,94)(H,77,90)(H,78,93)(H2,64,76,79)/t25-,26-,27+,28+,30-,31-,35-,36+,40-,41-,42-,43+,44+,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,59+,60-/m0/s1 |
| Chemical Name | [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-2-[(1R,2S)-2-[[6-amino-2-[(1S)-3-amino-1-[[(2S)-2,3-diamino-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-oxopropyl]-5-methylpyrimidine-4-carbonyl]amino]-3-[[(2R,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-5-[[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-[2-[4-[4-[3-[[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino]propylcarbamoyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]ethylamino]butan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-3-oxopropoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] carbamate |
| Synonyms | PEPLOMYCIN; Pepleomycin; 68247-85-8; Peplomycine; Peplomycin [INN]; Peplomycina; Peplomycinum; peplomicina; |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Glycopeptide antitumor antibiotic |
| ln Vitro | In a dose-dependent manner, peplomycin (0-100 μM; 30 h) inhibits the human oral squamous carcinoma cell line SSCKN and SCCTF cells[3]. Inducing apoptosis, peplomycin (1 μM and 10 μM; 30 h) causes dose-dependent nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation in cells. By differentiating fibroblasts to alpha-SMA-positive MF, peplomycin (5 mg/mL; 7 d) causes pulmonary fibrosis that is distinct from saline-injected rats (N-Fib)[4]. |
| ln Vivo | Rat pulmonary fibroblasts are converted to myofibroblasts (MF) by peplomycin (5 mg/kg; once daily), and the lungs' peripheries next to the pleura show advanced fibrosis with a small number of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive MF, which have an abundance of microfilaments and cellular organelles ultrastructurally[4]. |
| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[3] Cell Types: SSCKN and SCCTF cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μM Incubation Duration: 30 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: diminished SSCKN and SCCTF cells viability dose-dependently up to 50 μM, and resulted the viability of 38% and 30% that of the control group, respectively. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animals and their treatment [4] Eight male specific pathogen-free Fisher 344 rats (8 weeks old) were used and five animals received serial intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg peplomycin (PLM) for 10 days. The remaining three rats were injected sterile saline as the control. peplomycin (PLM)-injected and control rats were killed at 1 day and 2 weeks after the last injection and the lungs were immediately dissected. The pulmonary lobes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde dissolved in ribonuclease (RNase)-free water. Thin sections were prepared from fixed tissues and routinely stained with haematoxylin-eosin or immunohistochemically stained. Isolation of lung fibroblasts [4] The peplomycin (PLM)-injected and saline-injected rats were fed for 2 weeks after the last injections then killed. The lungs were extirpated and the resected tissues were minced to pieces about 1–2 mm3, then the minced tissues were trypsinized and separated cells were cultivated in Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM) containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), streptomycin (100 μg/mL) and penicillin (100 units/mL). The cells were incubated at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air. After two or three passages, the proliferated fibroblasts were subjected to the following experiments. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
6852373 mouse LDLo intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg Journal of Antibiotics., 32(36), 1979 [PMID:83987] 6852373 mouse LD50 intravenous 51 mg/kg Drugs of the Future., 13(519), 1988 |
| References |
[1]. Peplomycin. Cancer Treat Rev. 1984 Dec;11(4):303-5. [2]. A case of peplomycin-induced scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Jun;150(6):1213-4. [3]. Peplomycin-induced apoptosis in oral squamous carcinoma cells depends on bleomycin sensitivity. Oral Oncol. 2001 Jun;37(4):379-85. [4]. Peplomycin, a bleomycin derivative, induces myofibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol. 2001 Aug;82(4):231-41. |
| Additional Infomation |
Peplomycin is a glycopeptide. Peplomycin is a semisynthetic analog of Bleomycin, a mixture of several basic glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. Peplomycin forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals that cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA. This agent appears to show greater antitumor activity than bleomycin; its use is limited due to pulmonary toxicity. (NCI04) An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN. Oral squamous carcinoma cell line SSCKN cells were shown to be highly sensitive to bleomycin, whereas SCCTF cells were minimally sensitive to this reagent. To determine whether the anticancer drug resistance to oral squamous carcinoma cells could be related to the degree of the drug-induced apoptosis, we examined the effects of peplomycin on induction of apoptosis in these cells. After reaching subconfluence, SCCKN and SCCTF cells were exposed to various concentrations of peplomycin. Peplomycin caused cytotoxicity in both SCCKN and SCCTF cells in a dose-dependent fashion with the maximal effect at concentrations of 1 and 10 microM, respectively, as determined by phase-contrast microscopy and WST-1 cell viability assay. By using the Hoechst 33342 staining, we observed marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin in SCCKN cells treated with 1 microM peplomycin. However, SCCTF cells treated with 1 microM peplomycin showed neither nuclear condensation nor fragmentation. DNA ladder formation was also detected in both cell lines by treatment with peplomycin. The induced DNA ladder formation in SCCKN and SCCTF cells was dose-dependent, with the maximal effect at concentrations of 5 and 50 microM, respectively. Bleomycin also induced DNA ladder formation in SCCKN and SCCTF cells with different sensitivities. Mitomycin C induced DNA laddering in both SCCKN and SCCTF cells; however, the intensity of DNA ladder formation was almost the same in both cell lines. The present results indicate that peplomycin-induced apoptosis in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines depends on the sensitivity of these cells to bleomycin.[3] To analyse the mechanism by which a bleomycin derivative, peplomycin (PLM) induces pulmonary fibrosis, we investigated differentiation of rat pulmonary fibroblasts to myofibroblasts (MF). In intraperitoneally PLM (5 mg/kg/day)-injected rats, the peripheries of lungs adjacent to the pleura revealed advanced fibrosis with a small number of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive MF, which ultrastructurally possessed abundant microfilaments and cellular organelles. In the fibrotic tissue, the expression of alpha-SMA-mRNA was detected by in situ reverse transcription-polymerase (RT-PCR). The message was strong just after a 2-week administration of PLM then decreased thereafter, although fibrosis advanced. When pulmonary fibroblasts were separated from saline-injected rats (N-Fib) and cultivated for 7 days in the presence of 5 mg/mL PLM, alpha-SMA protein was weakly expressed, while the majority of pulmonary fibroblasts separated from PLM-injected rats (P-Fib) became positive for alpha-SMA in 7-day cultivation and the expression of alpha-SMA in P-Fib was strongly increased by cultivation in the presence of PLM and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), but not basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), although the cell proliferation was most strongly enhanced by bFGF and only slightly by PLM and TGF-beta. The alpha-SMA-positive cells expressed vimentin, but only weakly expressed desmin. Additionally, P-Fib generated larger amounts of TGF-beta and bFGF than were generated by N-Fib. These results indicate that PLM induces pulmonary fibrosis by differentiating fibroblasts to alpha-SMA-positive MF, and that bFGF and TGF-beta play each critical role in the different phases of PLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inducing fibroblast proliferation and transformation, respectively. [4] |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.6786 mL | 3.3931 mL | 6.7861 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1357 mL | 0.6786 mL | 1.3572 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0679 mL | 0.3393 mL | 0.6786 mL |