PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat TFA is a PAC1 receptor agonist/activator. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat TFA increases alpha-secretase activity. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat increases cytoplasmic Ca2+, increases the proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat TFA has a potent and sustained stimulating effect on sympathetic nerve NPY and catecholamine production. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat TFA may be utilized in neurotrophic and neuro-protection research.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C49H84F3N17O13
Molecular Weight	1176.29
Related CAS #	PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat;138764-85-9
Appearance	Solid powder
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	PACAP-38(31–38), human, mouse, and rat TFA (100 nM; 2 min; NCI-H838 cells) tyrosine phosphorylates EGFR, HER2, and ERK[1]. Inducing EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation with PACAP-38(31–38), human, mouse, and rat TFA (100 nM; 30 min; NCI-H838 cells) raises ROS levels by 51%[1]. NCI-H838 cell growth is stimulated by TFA (10 nM; 48 h) in human, mouse, and rat PACAP-38(31–38)[1]. Human, mouse, and rat TFA (300 nM; 4 h) together with PACAP-38(31–38) increases the production of APPsα in brain cells[2]. Through cAMP accumulation and an increase in cytosolic free calcium, PACAP-38(31–38), human, mouse, and rat TFA(0.01–10 nM; HEK 293 cells) stimulates neural cells express endogenous PAC1 receptors. It also induces elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 0.81 nM[2]. PACAP-38(31–38), human, mouse, and rat TFA (0.01 nM; 48 h) stimulates NPY release from SCG neuronal cells in a strong and effective manner[3]. Human, mouse, and rat TFA (100 nM; 14 d) along with PACAP-38(31–38) generates prolonged activated NPY and catecholamine secretionmpathetic neurons[3].
Cell Assay	Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: NCI-H838 cells Tested Concentrations: 10 nM Incubation Duration: 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Increased the number of NCI-H838 cells by 72%. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: NCI-H838 cells Tested Concentrations: 100 nM Incubation Duration: 2 min Experimental Results: Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR, HER2, and ERK by 377, 299 and 216%, respectively.
References	[1]. PAC1 regulates receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Peptides. 2019 Oct;120:170017. [2]. The neuropeptide PACAP promotes the alpha-secretase pathway for processing the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. FASEB J. 2006 Mar;20(3):512-4. [3]. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, regulation of sympathetic neuron catecholamine, and neuropeptide Y expression through activation of type I PACAP/VIP receptor isoforms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 De.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	H2O :~100 mg/mL (~85.01 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (85.01 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.8501 mL	4.2507 mL	8.5013 mL
	5 mM	0.1700 mL	0.8501 mL	1.7003 mL
	10 mM	0.0850 mL	0.4251 mL	0.8501 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.