 Chemical Structure.png)
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C16H25GDN4O8 |
| Molecular Weight | 558.65 |
| Exact Mass | 559.091 |
| CAS # | 72573-82-1 |
| PubChem CID | 158536 |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid |
| Boiling Point | 701.6ºC at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point | 378.1ºC |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 12 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 5 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 29 |
| Complexity | 510 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| SMILES | C1CN(CCN(CCN(CCN1CC(=O)O)CC(=O)[O-])CC(=O)[O-])CC(=O)[O-].[Gd+3] |
| InChi Key | GFSTXYOTEVLASN-UHFFFAOYSA-K |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C16H28N4O8.Gd/c21-13(22)9-17-1-2-18(10-14(23)24)5-6-20(12-16(27)28)8-7-19(4-3-17)11-15(25)26;/h1-12H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H,25,26)(H,27,28);/q;+3/p-3 |
| Chemical Name | 2-[4,7-bis(carboxylatomethyl)-10-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetate;gadolinium(3+) |
| Synonyms | Gadoteric acid; 72573-82-1; DOTA-Gd; Artirem; Artirem (TN); |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Contrast agent |
| ln Vitro | Gadoteric acid offers early improved absorbability, stronger mouthwash, and better and more visible repairability in DCE-MRI of cellular liver cancer (particularly hypervascular lesions) [1]. |
| ln Vivo | The routine use of dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) of the liver using hepatocyte-specific contrast agent (HSCA) as the standard of care for the study of focal liver lesions is not widely accepted and opponents invoke the risk of a loss in near 100% specificity of extracellular contrast agents (ECA) and the need for prospective head-to-head comparative studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of both contrast agents. The Purpose of this prospective intraindividual study was to conduct a quantitative and qualitative head-to-head comparison of DCE-MRI using HSCA and ECA in patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC. Twenty-three patients with liver cirrhosis and proven HCC underwent two 3 T-MR examinations, one with ECA (gadoteric acid) and the other with HSCA (gadoxetic acid). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), wash-in, wash-out, image quality, artifacts, lesion conspicuity, and major imaging features of LI-RADS v2018 were evaluated. Wash-in and wash-out were significantly stronger with ECA compared to HSCA (P < 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). During the late arterial phase (LAP), CNR was significantly lower with ECA (P = 0.005), while SNR did not differ significantly (P = 0.39). In qualitative analysis, ECA produced a better overall image quality during the portal venous phase (PVP) and delayed phase (DP) compared to HSCA (P = 0.041 and 0.008), showed less artifacts in the LAP and PVP (P = 0.003 and 0.034) and a higher lesion conspicuity in the LAP and PVP (P = 0.004 and 0.037). There was no significant difference in overall image quality during the LAP (P = 1), in artifacts and lesion conspicuity during the DP (P = 0.078 and 0.073) or in the frequency of the three major LI-RADS v2018 imaging features. In conclusion, ECA provides superior contrast of HCC-especially hypervascular HCC lesions-in DCE-MR in terms of better perceptibility of early enhancement and a stronger washout.[1] |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion Within the studied dose range (0.1 to 0.3 mmol/kg), the kinetics of total gadolinium appear to be linear. Following the administration of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadoterate meglumine in healthy volunteers, the Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were measured to be 799.03 (192.63) µmol/L, 5.00 (0.10-10.00) min, 953.51 (76.22) µmol*h/L, and 970.72 (73.34) µmol*h/L for female and 836.85 (451.02) µmol/L, 5.00 (0.11-10.00) min, 1038.74 (240.46) µmol*h/L, and 1061.16 (239.24) µmol*h/L for male subjects respectively. Following a 0.1 mmol/kg dose of gadoterate, total gadolinium is excreted primarily in the urine with 72.9 ± 17.0% and 85.4 ± 9.7% (mean ± SD) eliminated within 48 hours, in female and male subjects, respectively. Similar values were achieved after a cumulative dose of 0.3 mmol/kg (0.1 + 0.2 mmol/kg, 20 minutes later), with 85.5 ± 13.2% and 92.0 ± 12.0% recovered in urine within 48 hrs in female and male subjects respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state of total gadolinium in healthy subjects is 179 ± 26 and 211 ± 35 mL/kg in female and male subjects respectively, roughly equivalent to that of extracellular water. The extent of blood cell partitioning of gadoterate is not known. In healthy subjects, the renal and total clearance rates of total gadolinium are comparable (1.27 ± 0.32 and 1.74 ± 0.12 mL/min/kg in females; and 1.40 ± 0.31 and 1.64 ± 0.35 mL/min/kg in males, respectively) indicating that the drug is primarily cleared through the kidneys. Metabolism / Metabolites Gadoterate is not known to be metabolized. Biological Half-Life Following an intravenously administered 0.1 mmol/kg, gadoterate demonstrates a mean elimination half-life of about 1.4 ± 0.2 hr and 2.0 ± 0.7 hr in female and male subjects, respectively.L49911] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Summary of Use during Lactation Gadoterate is one of the most stable gadolinium agents, theoretically making it one of the safer drugs to use during breastfeeding. Guidelines developed by several professional organizations state that breastfeeding need not be disrupted after a nursing mother receives a gadolinium-containing contrast medium. However, because there is no published experience with gadoterate during breastfeeding, other agents may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Protein Binding Gadoterate does not undergo protein binding in vitro. |
| References |
[1]. MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: prospective intraindividual head-to-head comparison of the contrast agents gadoxetic acid and gadoteric acid. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 3;12(1):18583. [2]. Tolerability and diagnostic value of gadoteric acid in the general population and in patients with risk factors: results in more than 84,000 patients. Eur J Radiol. 2012 May;81(5):885-90. |
| Additional Infomation |
Gadoteric acid, commonly used in the salt form gadoterate meglumine, is a macrocyclic, ionic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). It is composed of the organic acid DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) used for its chelating properties, and gadolinium (Gd3+). Gadoterate meglumine has one of the highest thermodynamic stability, apparent stability, and kinetic stability, partly due to its macrocyclic structure, and thus has a more favorable safety profile due to a decreased tendency of gadolinium dechelation. Gadoterate is approved by the FDA under the brand name DOTAREM on 20th March 2013 for intravenous uses with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the brain (intracranial), spine, and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients (2 years of age and older) to detect and visualize areas with disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity. Drug Indication Gadoteric acid is indicated for intravenous use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the brain (intracranial), spine, and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients (including term neonates) to detect and visualize areas with disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity. FDA Label Mechanism of Action Gadoterate is a paramagnetic molecule that develops a magnetic moment when placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic moment enhances the relaxation rates of water protons in its vicinity, leading to an increase in signal intensity (brightness) of tissues. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathological tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with differences in proton density, spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation times (T1), and differences in the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time (T2). When placed in a magnetic field, gadoterate shortens the T1 and T2 relaxation times in target tissues. At recommended doses, the effect is observed with greatest sensitivity in the T1-weighted sequences. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~179.01 mM; with ultrasonication (<60°C)) |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7900 mL | 8.9501 mL | 17.9003 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3580 mL | 1.7900 mL | 3.5801 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1790 mL | 0.8950 mL | 1.7900 mL |