GLP-1(28-36)amide is a C-terminal nonapeptide of GLP-1 and is the main product of GLP-1 cleavage by a neutral endopeptidase (NEP). GLP-1(28-36)amide is an antioxidant that targets mitochondria and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). GLP-1(28-36)amide has antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C54H85N15O9
Molecular Weight	1088.3478114605
Exact Mass	1087.665
CAS #	1225021-13-5
Related CAS #	GLP-1(28-36)amide TFA
PubChem CID	60143262
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
LogP	1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	14
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	12
Rotatable Bond Count	34
Heavy Atom Count	78
Complexity	2000
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	9
SMILES	C(C1=CNC2C=CC=CC1=2)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N)CCCNC(N)=N
InChi Key	AYAZRBWYYBZITR-MJCVNZGZSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C54H85N15O9/c1-8-32(6)45(69-48(73)37(56)26-34-17-10-9-11-18-34)53(78)63-33(7)47(72)66-42(27-35-28-61-38-20-13-12-19-36(35)38)50(75)67-41(25-30(2)3)51(76)68-44(31(4)5)52(77)65-40(21-14-15-23-55)49(74)62-29-43(70)64-39(46(57)71)22-16-24-60-54(58)59/h9-13,17-20,28,30-33,37,39-42,44-45,61H,8,14-16,21-27,29,55-56H2,1-7H3,(H2,57,71)(H,62,74)(H,63,78)(H,64,70)(H,65,77)(H,66,72)(H,67,75)(H,68,76)(H,69,73)(H4,58,59,60)/t32-,33-,37-,39-,40-,41-,42-,44-,45-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(2S)-6-amino-N-[2-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanamide
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Distinct from DPP-IV, NEP is extensively present in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and renal epithelial cells. It cleaves GLP-1(7-36)amide or GLP-1(9-36)amide to produce GLP-1(28-36)amide[1]. Hepatocytes treated with GLP-1(28-36)amide (100 nM) for 24 hours show a direct modulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, including gluconeogenesis[1]. Human hepatocytes have a longer plasma half-life (t1/2 = 24 min) for GLP-1(28–36)amide than mouse hepatocytes (t1/2 = 13 min)[1].
ln Vivo	When GLP-1(28-36)amide is given to diet-induced obese mice for nine weeks at a rate of 18.5 nmol/kg BW/day, the development of hepatic steatosis is inhibited[1]. In a diabetic mouse model with β-cell damage, an intraperitoneal injection of 18 nmol/kg GLP-1(28-36)amide once daily for nine weeks demonstrated cytoprotective action on pancreatic β cells by increasing mass and boosting proliferation[1]. A six-week injection of 18.5 nmol/kg GLP-1(28-36)amide enhanced the disposal of glucose from the liver in mice fed a high-fat diet, according to an in vivo study[1]. This improvement is linked to elevated cAMP levels and phosphorylation of the PKA target. Male C57BL6/J mice (10–12 weeks old) were given GLP-1(28) -36)amide for 20 minutes. After that, the isolated hearts experienced global ischemia for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 40 minutes. The recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was significantly higher in the GLP-1(28–36)amide group than in the vehicle-treated hearts[1].
References	[1]. Bilan Zhou, et al. GLP-1(28-36)amide, a Long Ignored Peptide Revisited. Open Biochem J. 2014 Dec 31;8:107-11.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: 33.33 mg/mL (30.62 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.9188 mL	4.5941 mL	9.1882 mL
	5 mM	0.1838 mL	0.9188 mL	1.8376 mL
	10 mM	0.0919 mL	0.4594 mL	0.9188 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.