DEAE-Cellulose (Diethylaminoethyl cellulose), a common biopolymer derivative, is a weakly basic cellulose anion exchanger.
DEAE-cellulose is one of the most commonly used resins for ion-exchange chromatography containing an ionizable tertiary amine group and having less hydroxyls than native cellulose. The counterion of the DEAE-cellulose is Cl−.
Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose (DEAE-C) is a positively charged resin typically used in ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of biomolecules and specifically the purification of proteins and nucleic acids. DEAE-C is a weakly basic ion exchanger with tertiary amine functional groups bound to a hydrophilic matrix.
DEAE-cellulose DE-52 utilizes spherical hydrophilic polymer particles with an average particle size of 50 µm. Its surface is grafted with macromolecular sugar chains, resulting in a higher specific surface area and superior biocompatibility. This material maintains higher loading capacity at high flow rates while achieving better resolution for the separation of biomacromolecules. Due to its large specific surface area, both equilibration and elution times are shorter. DEAE-cellulose DE-52 exhibits excellent physical and chemical stability, a long service life, and ease of operation. Even after grafting, its loading capacity remains largely unchanged, even when purifying very large molecules such as viruses and plasmids.
DEAE-C is a commercially available compound with different names depending on the chemical suppliers (DE52 or DE53). They are prepared as pre-swollen material although cellulose exchangers swell in a strongly basic environment to increase access to binding sites. DEAE-C (e.g. DE52) has a pKa of 11.5 and the buffering range for diethanolamine is 8.4-8.8, though the range for DEAE-C varies between manufacturers. DEAE-C is widely used as anion exchanger and the addition of the DEAE branch to the cellulose backbone also increases its ability to chelate metals in aqueous solutions, paving the way for its use as a ligand. The effectiveness of DEAE-C to perform these functions is perceived by its degree of substitution (DS). A method to increase the DS of the DEAE-C is to functionalize the cellulose in a homogeneous solution. Historically, this methodology was quite difficult due to the harsh solvents required to dissolve cellulose. Looking for possible alternatives, ionic liquids were found to offer a green solution to this problem, as they can be used as alternatives to traditionally harsh biopolymer solvents. Reichert and co-workers focused on the modification of cellulose into DEAE-C using a homogeneous ionic liquid with two functionalization procedures [5].
Regarding the applications of DEAE-C in organic chemistry, the number of published articles on this functionalized cellulose from 1956 to 2018 has increased remarkably up to the mid eighties with the publication of more than 7000 papers. In the next years, there was a rapid decrease in the number of papers dealing with this topic, reaching a stationary number up to nowadays (less than 2000 papers). In the year 2019 only 24 papers were published regarding DEAE-C. The fields of application of DEAE-C are remarkably diverse; the main reasons for this wide application include the availability of commercial DEAE-C, even though only in recent years a few applications in organic chemistry can be found. In the majority of the cases, DEAE-C was used as an adsorbent.
DEAE-Cellulose can be used in the following area [5]:
1) Purification of Proteins
2) Polysaccharide Purification
3) Enzymes Purification
4) Environmental Applications
5) DEAE-C in Organic Synthesis

Physicochemical Properties

CAS #	9013-34-7
PubChem CID	16211032
Appearance	Solid powder
Density	1.1±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	519.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	267.7±30.1 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.518
LogP	0.68
Synonyms	DEAE-CELLULOSE; Cellulose DEAE; Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose; DEAE-Sephacel(R); Diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel(R); (6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol; (5S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-{[(2S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane-2,3,4-triol; ...; 9013-34-7;
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Resins for ion-exchange chromatography
ln Vitro	Anion exchange column chromatography [6] This is the most commonly applied method in both polysaccharide purification and column chromatography at present. In particular, anion exchange column chromatography is usually used at first for bulky polysaccharide solution. Polysaccharide solution can be concentrated and preliminarily purified through this method, even some polysaccharides can be purified homogeneous fractions. The widely used anion exchanger so far are DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose, among which DEAE-cellulose is usually the first choice. DEAE-cellulose possesses an open framework and polysaccharide molecules can freely enter this carrier and diffuse rapidly. DEAE-cellulose has a big surface area. Although its ion-exchange capacity is only 0.70⿿0.75 mmol/g, the absorption quantity of DEAE-cellulose to polysaccharides is much larger than ion exchange resin. In addition, since ion exchange groups on cellulose are less, loose in arrangement and alkalescent, the adsorption of DEAE-cellulose to polysaccharides is weak and polysaccharides can be eluted out using salt solution of a certain ion concentration. Anion exchange column chromatography is fit for separating various acidic polysaccharide, neutral polysaccharide and mucopolysaccharide. The separation mechanism of anion exchange column chromatography is not only ion-exchange, but also adsorption-desorption. So anion exchange column chromatography can be used in the separation of neutral and acidic polysaccharides, and the separation of different neutral polysaccharides as well. In general, when the pH value is 6.0, acidic polysaccharide can be adsorbed to the exchanger whereas neutral polysaccharide can not be adsorbed . Then the buffers which have same pH value and different ionic strength can be used to elute these acidic polysaccharides out respectively. The ability of polysaccharide to adsorb exchanger is related to polysaccharide structure. The adsorb ability usually increases with the increase of acidic groups in polysaccharide molecules. For linear molecules, larger MW neutral polysaccharide is easier to be adsorbed compared to smaller MW polysaccharide. The adsorb ability of straight chain polysaccharide is greater than that of branched chain polysaccharide. In most cases, 100 g of DEAE-cellulose can load 0.5⿿1.5 g of dry polysaccharide sample. The elution mode is usually to use buffers with different ionic strength to carry out gradient elution or stepwise elution. In addition, neutral polysaccharide can also form coordination compound with borax (sodium tetraborate). Based on this, DEAE-cellulose is sometimes processed into borax-type DEAE-cellulose. When the polysaccharide solution flows through the borax-type DEAE-cellulose column, polysaccharide will coordinate with borax and adsorb on the column. Then the column is eluted using borate solution of different concentrations. The eluate which flows out first is the polysaccharide fraction that does not coordinate with borax, and the eluate flowing out last is the polysaccharide fraction that coordinates with borax most strongly. Besides DEAE-cellulose, the other two anion exchanger, i.e. DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose are also widely used. DEAE-Sephadex series has several products, such as DEAE-Sephadex A25 (often used for the MW < 30,000 polysaccharide purification) and DEAE-Sephadex A50. DEAE-Sepharose series also has several products, such as DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (often used for the MW > 100,000 polysaccharide). Since these exchangers have three dimensional network structure, they possess not only ion exchange function but also molecular sieve effect. Compared with cellulose, they have higher charge density, and thus they have larger exchange capacity and better separation effect. However, when the pH value or ionic strength of the eluent changes, the two exchangers (DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose) will change much in volume and thus the flow rate will be affected. The process method of regeneration of DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose is same as DEAE-cellulose. In summary, the above three anion exchangers (DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose) are widely used in polysaccharide purification. Meanwhile, there exists some disadvantages, especially when they are used for mucopolysaccharide purification. For example, the flow rate is low, the height of column bed may change with the change of buffer concentration and pH value and thus is not steady, the service life of exchanger is short, etc. The three exchangers are gradually replaced by another kind of anion exchanger which backbone is Sepharose FF with good chemical stability and fast flow rate after 1990⿿s. The typical product model is DEAE-Sepharose FF. The usage method of DEAE-Sepharose FF is similar to DEAE-cellulose. The DEAE-Sepharose FF can not be stored in the form of dry powder and it must be suspended in water for preservation. The effect of the amount of DEAE-cellulose on the gold recovery efficiency [1] The first experimental series was performed by varying the amount of DEAE-cellulose from 10 to 400 mg while keeping the other parameters constant. Fig. 2 presents the variation of the gold recovery efficiency with an increasing amount of DEAE-cellulose. It is apparent from the figure that the recovery efficiency increases with an increasing amount of DEAE-cellulose. The increase in gold recovery efficiency with an increasing amount of DEAE-cellulose can be easily explained by the fact that recovery reactions are thermodynamically favored by a high ratio of the sorbent to the metal to be recovered (Matsubara et al., 2000). When the gold chloride solution is contacted by DEAE-cellulose, gold in the trivalent (Au3+) form is reduced to the metallic form (Auo) whereas hydroxyl groups in DEAE-cellulose are oxidized (Ogata and Nakano, 2005). This was proven by XRD analysis. The net reaction takes place as follows: The oxidation of hydroxyl groups in DEAE-cellulose is expressed as follows And the overall reaction is expressed as follows When the reaction was allowed to run for 30 min, the recovery efficiency reached over 90% with DEAE-cellulose amounts of 50 mg and above, and started to level off at approximately 100% beyond 100 mg. Thus, the 10–60 mg DEAE-cellulose was chosen for further experiments. The product characterization [1] To determine whether recovered gold is in the metallic form, XRD analysis was performed on samples after the DEAE-cellulose was burned off at 800 °C, after which pure gold was attained. The purity of the gold was found to be 99.8% by cupellation method. This indicates that gold can easily be isolated from DEAE-cellulose, resulting in pure gold powder. In the diffraction pattern, the peaks are clearly observed at 2 theta = 38, 44.4, 64.6, 77.6, 81.5 which are in agreement with the metallic gold peaks. The peaks clearly confirm that the trivalent gold ions present in the solution were reduced to metallic gold (Nakajima et al., 2003, Ogata and Nakano, 2005). Fig. 8a and b displays SEM images of the recovered gold particles before and after DEAE-cellulose was burned off at 800 °C. SEM images show that gold atoms agglomerated and were deposited on some regions of the DEAE-cellulose. After it was burned off at 800 °C, a porous structure was attained. The present work has demonstrated that gold recovery using DEAE-cellulose is effective for recovering gold from diluted gold chloride solutions. Using excessive amounts of DEAE-cellulose (at DEAE-cellulose/Au weight ratios of 400 and above), a gold recovery efficiency of over 99% is easily attainable at 130 rpm after 30 min, even at room temperature, whereas increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 °C enables an efficiency above 99% with a significantly smaller amount of DEAE-cellulose (at a DEAE-cellulose/Au weight ratio of around 120) under the same conditions. By optimizing process parameters, gold recovery approaching the theoretical maximum should be feasible with relatively small DEAE-cellulose additions. Increasing temperature caused an increase in gold recovery efficiency, in accordance with the published literature. The gold recovery was found to occur via the reduction of trivalent gold ions present in the solution to metallic gold, which was proven by SEM images and XRD patterns. It has also been demonstrated that increasing the shaking rate and contact time leads to an increase in the gold recovery efficiency. Considering 10 mg DEAE-cellulose quantity, by increasing the shaking rate from 20 to 120 rpm, the gold recovery efficiency increased by around 50%, which indicates that shaking is necessary for gold recovery from diluted gold-bearing solutions. Among all parameters investigated in this study, the shaking rate was found to be the most effective in terms of recovery efficiency. The gold recovery by DEAE-cellulose is an intermediate-controlled process with an activation energy of 37.11 kJ/mol and obeys first order kinetics, in accordance with the published literature. This study demonstrates that gold recovery can successfully be achieved using DEAE-cellulose as an alternative to traditional sorbents used in industrial gold recovery. In addition, the outstanding characteristics of DEAE-cellulose for gold recovery offer the possibility of efficient recovery of other precious metals. [1]
Enzyme Assay	Separation and Purification of PNLP [2] PNLP was isolated and purified following the methods reported by Zhang et al. [Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 251, 117078] and Li et al. [Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15904]. A 10 mg/mL polysaccharide solution was slowly applied along the wall of a DEAE-cellulose column (26 mm × 50 cm). The sample was then sequentially eluted with distilled water and NaCl solutions of concentrations 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 M. The elution was conducted at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, with the eluate collected in 12 min intervals per tube. Absorbance was quantified at 490 nm using the phenol-sulfuric acid assay, and the resulting elution profile was subsequently plotted. Based on the elution profile, four distinct fractions were obtained: PNLP-1 (eluted with distilled water), PNLP-2 (eluted with 0.1 M NaCl), PNLP-3 (eluted with 0.3 M NaCl), and PNLP-4 (eluted with 0.5 M NaCl). Isolation and Purification of Bamboo Shoot Polysaccharides [3] Raw polysaccharide was extracted from bamboo shoot through hot water extraction methods, after which it was treated by deproteinization, water dialysis, DEAE-cellulose, and Sephadex-50 column chromatography grading. The results showed that papain combined with Sevag presented the optimum deproteinizing condition. The bamboo shoot polysaccharides were eluted with water, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 and 0.5 mol/L NaCl salt solution by DEAE-Cellulose 52 column grading; finally, the main components were eluted with water by Sephadex-50 grading. Isolation and purification of ZMP (a polysaccharide)[4] The crude polysaccharides, named ZMP, were extracted from Z. Jujuba cv. Muzao fruit by ethanol precipitation, lyophilization, and then deproteination by Sevag reagent. The total yield rate of ZMP in the isolation procedure was 4.31% (Fig. 1), which is similar to that reported in the previous research. In order to increase the purity and obtain homogeneous polysaccharide products, ZMP were purified using an anion-exchange chromatography of DEAE-cellulose column (2.6 cm × 40 cm). The four fractions, eluted with deionized water, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 M NaCl, were named ZMP-1, ZMP-2, ZMP-3, and ZMP-4, respectively (Fig. 2). ZMP-1, which was eluted with deionized water, may be a neutral polysaccharide, whereas ZMP-2, ZMP-3, and ZMP-4, which were eluted with the 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 mol/L NaCl solutions, respectively, are acidic polysaccharides. Each of the four fractions were further purified by gel filtration chromatography of Sephadex G-100 using distilled water as an eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluate (8 mL/tube) was collected automatically, resulting in GZMP-1, GZMP-2, GZMP-3, and GZMP-4 were obtained (Fig. 3). The four fractions were recovered at rates of 0.209%, 0.093%, 0.418%, and 0.255%, respectively, based on the original amount of ZMP. All four of these elution curves had a single, symmetrical peak, which indicates that all of the purified products were homogeneous polysaccharides. Gold recovery from dilute gold solutions using DEAE-cellulose. [1] The study was conducted in a batch system by varying one recovery parameter at a time. For each experiment, 10 mL of the synthetically prepared gold solution of 50 ppm was contacted with DEAE-cellulose in a falcon tube to avoid exposure to air. In this manner, air was not able to diffuse into the system. Experiments were conducted in a temperature-controlled shaking water bath to ensure uniform heat convection at the surface of the falcon tube. The first experimental series was performed by varying the DEAE-cellulose amount while keeping the other parameters constant. In the second experimental series, the influence of the shaking rate was studied in the range of 20 rpm to 140 rpm. Shaking was performed in a temperature-controlled shaking water bath with a manually adjusted shaking rate. The third experimental series was conducted to investigate the effect of varying the reaction time from 30 to 120 min. In the final experimental series, the influence of temperature was investigated in the range of 30–60 °C. Solid/liquid separation was performed following each run. For the ICP analyses, the 10 mL filtered solution was introduced into the machine following an appropriate dilution. The reaction time and solution pH were kept constant at 30 min and 4.07, respectively. After the amount of DEAE-cellulose was optimized, it was kept constant at 10 mg for the kinetic study. Thus, the DEAE-cellulose/gold weight ratio (10/0.5) was chosen to be around 20. The efficiency of this recovery process was calculated from the percentage of gold recovery using the following equation: where Co is the initial gold concentration (50 ppm) and Ct is the concentration at the end of the experiment[1].
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics	Other Multiple Dose Data oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 159 gm/kg/90D- intermittent Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain June 2017 Acute Toxicity Data oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 120 gm/kg Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea; Gastrointestinal: Other changes June 2017 Acute Toxicity Data skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): >2 gm/kg June 2017 Other Multiple Dose Data oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 56000 mg/kg/8W- intermittent Blood: Thrombocytopenia; Blood: Other changes; Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) June 2017 Acute Toxicity Data inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): >5800 mg/m3/4H June 2017 LC50 (rat) > 5,800 mg/m3/4h
References	[1]. Gold recovery from dilute gold solutions using DEAE-cellulose. Hydrometallurgy. Volume 96, Issue 3, April 2009, Pages 253-257. [2]. Separation, Purification, Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng Leaves. Molecules. 2025 Feb 11;30(4):830. [3]. Purification and Structural Identification of Polysaccharides from Bamboo Shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus). Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jul 9;16(7):15560–15577. [4]. Isolation, purification, and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018, VOL. 21, NO. 1, 1–11. [5]. Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C): applications in chromatography and organic synthesis. Arkivoc 2020, part i, 153-179. [6]. Bioactivities, isolation and purification methods of polysaccharides from natural products: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016 Jul 1;92:37–48.
Additional Infomation	Cellulose is an odorless, white powdery fibers. Density: 1.5 g/cm3. The biopolymer composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues. Prepared by treating cotton with an organic solvent to de-wax it and removing pectic acids by extration with a solution of sodium hydroxide. The principal fiber composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues (wood, cotton, flax, grass, etc.). Technical uses depend on the strength and flexibility of its fibers. Insoluble in water. Soluble with chemical degradation in sulfuric acid, and in concentrated solutions of zinc chloride. Soluble in aqueous solutions of cupric ammonium hydroxide (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2). DEAE-cellulose is a glycoside. DEAE-cellulose has been reported in Aronia melanocarpa and Hyphaene thebaica with data available. A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. The present work investigates gold recovery using DEAE-cellulose, a common biopolymer derivative, from synthetically prepared diluted gold-bearing solutions of 50 ppm. The effects of different recovery parameters on gold recovery efficiency were studied in detail. It was demonstrated that gold recovery efficiency increased with an increasing amount of sorbent, as well as increasing contact time. A gold recovery efficiency of 99% was attained under conditions of 20–40 g DEAE-cellulose per liter at a shaking rate of 130 rpm for 30 min at room temperature. On the other hand, with smaller amounts of sorbent (6 g/l), it was also possible to recover gold from the solution with 99% efficiency when the reaction temperature was increased to 60 °C. The shaking rate and temperature were demonstrated to play a vital role in the recovery process. It was also found that gold recovery by DEAE-cellulose is an intermediate-controlled process with an activation energy of 37.11 kJ/mol. The XRD pattern and SEM images revealed that the recovered gold was in the metallic form.[1] Native cellulose has a poor adsorption capacity and low physical stability because attachment of all three hydroxyls to the same ring may cause streric hindrance, and also the hydroxyl groups are not easily accessible to chemical reactions due to the crystalline regions in the polymer matrix (O'O et al., 2008, Mark et al., 1967). Modification by chemical reactions such as etherification, esterification, halogenation, and oxidation can develop adsorption capacity and structural stability of native cellulose for heavy metal ions (O'Connell et al., 2008). When the cellulose beads are mainly treated with 2-(diethylamino) ethyl chloride hydrochloride solution, and other procedures are carried out, DEAE-cellulose can be obtained (Ishimura et al., 1998). The molecular structure of DEAE-cellulose is shown in Fig. 1b. DEAE-cellulose is one of the most commonly used resins for ion-exchange chromatography containing an ionizable tertiary amine group and having less hydroxyls than native cellulose. The counterion of the DEAE-cellulose is Cl−. In this work, DEAE-cellulose, which is a weakly basic cellulose anion exchanger (Matsubara et al., 2000), was employed to recover gold from dilute gold chloride solutions. The objective of the present study was to outline an effective recovery process using DEAE-cellulose – a biopolymer derivative – as a sorbent for the high-efficiency recovery of gold from diluted gold-bearing solutions, and to describe the optimum conditions and parameters for this recovery process. For this purpose, the following parameters were studied to investigate their effect on gold recovery efficiency: DEAE-cellulose amount, reaction time, shaking rate, and temperature. Furthermore, the activation energy of the recovery process was calculated in a kinetic study. This study optimized the extraction process of crude polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng leaves (PNLP) using the ultrasonic-assisted dual-enzyme method through a single-factor combined with response surface experiment. The crude polysaccharides were subsequently purified and isolated with DEAE-cellulose 52, followed by structural analysis, evaluation of antioxidant activity, and examination of digestive enzyme inhibition. The hypoglycemic effects of the purified components were further clarified. The results indicated that the optimized crude polysaccharide had an extraction yield of 17.13 ± 0.29%. The purified fraction PNLP-3 (eluted with 0.3 M NaCl) was obtained through DEAE-Cellulose 52 chromatography, exhibiting a total sugar content of 81.2% and a molecular weight of 16.57 kDa. PNLP is primarily composed of arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid, with molar percentages of 20.24%, 33.54%, and 24.27%, respectively. PNLP-3 is mainly composed of arabinose and galactose, with molar percentages of 29.97% and 49.35%, respectively. In this study of hypoglycemic activity, the IC50 values of PNLP-3 for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition were 1.045 mg/mL and 9.53 mg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking results confirmed that PNLP-3 exhibits better inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Furthermore, PNLP-3 alleviated hyperglycemia in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells by enhancing glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis. The antioxidant activity of PNLP-3 exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration, potentially contributing to its hypoglycemic effects by reducing oxidative stress. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of Panax notoginseng leaf polysaccharides in managing type 2 diabetes and offer new perspectives on the use of natural polysaccharides for regulating blood glucose. [2] Three kinds of polysaccharides, namely, BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B, were isolated from raw bamboo shoot (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) after purification and classification by DEAE-cellulose-52 (ion-exchange chromatography) and Sephadex G-50. The molecular weights of BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B were 10.2, 17.0 and 20.0 kDa, respectively, which were measured through GPC (gel performance chromtatography) methods. BSP1A contained arabinose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.0:40.6:8.7. BSP2A and BSP3B contained arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose in molar ratios of 6.6:1.0:5.2:10.4 and 8.5:1.0:5.1:11.1, respectively. The existence of the O-glycopeptide bond in BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B was demonstrated by β-elimination reaction. FTIR spectra of the three polysaccharides showed that both BSP2A and BSP3B contained β-d-pyranose sugar rings. However, BSP1A exhibited both β-d-pyranose and α-d-pyranose sugar rings. Congo red test indicated that BSP1A and BSP2A displayed triple helix structures, but BSP3B did not. NMR spectroscopy revealed that BSP1A may exhibit a β-1,6-Glucan pyran type as the main link, and few 1,6-glycosidic galactose pyranose and arabinose bonds were connected; BSP2A mainly demonstrated →5)β-Ara(1→and→3)β-Gal(1→connection. Furthermore, BSP3B mainly presented →3)β-Glu(1→and→3)β-Gal(1→connection and may also contain few other glycosidic bonds.[3] In the present study, crude polysaccharides from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao were isolated and purified using DEAE-cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography; four fractions were collected, namely GZMP-1, GZMP-2, GZMP-3, and GZMP-4. The molecular weights of these four fractions were measured to be 111.2, 95.1, 84.2, and 571.4 kDa, respectively, using high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis of the monosaccharide composition confirmed that GZMP-1 was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. Rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose were the main components present in GZMP-2 and GZMP-3, whereas GZMP-4 was composed of only rhamnose and arabinose. Scanning electron microscopy showed relatively smooth surfaces for GZMP-1 and GZMP-4, whereas GZMP-2 and GZMP-3 had more folds on their surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that GZMP-1 and ZMP mainly had α-type glycosidic linkages. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides revealed that jujube polysaccharides exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity, and can scavenge DPPH radical and OH radical in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of this work suggest that polysaccharides from Z. Jujuba cv. Muzao have potential to be used as functional food and in the development of natural antioxidant drug carriers. [4] The aim of this review is to point out the attention of the reader to the use of DEAE-cellulose/DEAE-C in organic reactions, possibly not only devoted to the preparation of heterocycles but potentially extending to other classes of organic compounds. Being DEAE-cellulose/DEAE-C an ammonium salt commonly used in chromatographic applications, it can be considered as a potential mild acid catalyst or a proton donor and these features can in theory catalyze standard acid-catalyzed organic reactions. In addition, the resin nature of DEAE-cellulose/DEAE-C could suggest the way to perform organic reactions in the solid state. [5] Polysaccharides play multiple roles and have extensive bioactivities in life process and an immense potential in healthcare, food and cosmetic industries, due to their therapeutic effects and relatively low toxicity. This review describes their major functions involved in antitumor, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Due to their enormous structural heterogeneity, the approaches for isolation and purification of polysaccharides are distinct from that of the other macromolecules such as proteins, etc. Yet, to achieve the homogeneity is the initial step for studies of polysaccharide structure, pharmacology, and its structure-activity relationships. According to the experiences accumulated by our lab and the published literatures, this review also introduces the methods widely used in isolation and purification of polysaccharides.[6]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

1. Operating Procedures 1.1 Column Packing (1) Equilibrate all materials and reagents to the chromatography operating temperature. Prepare buffers and degas all buffer solutions. (2) Weigh the required amount of media (packing material). Swell the media in purified water at room temperature for 4 hours, or in warm water for 1 hour (avoid water bath). After swelling, wash the media with 5 column volumes (CV) of purified water. (3) Inspect all column components, ensuring the integrity of the frits, the tightness of O-rings and end plugs, and the cleanliness and integrity of the glass tube. (4) Wet the bottom end-piece with water or buffer and maintain a small liquid head. Ensure no air bubbles are trapped at the bottom outlet. (5) Pour the slurry into the column in one continuous motion along the inner wall using a glass rod as a guide, avoiding bubble formation. Open the column outlet to allow the gel to settle freely under gravity. Connect the top end-piece. (6) Activate the peristaltic pump. Pass buffer through the column at a flow rate 1.33 times the operating flow rate to stabilize the bed (ensure pressure does not exceed the maximum pressure tolerance of the media). 1.2 Column Equilibration Equilibrate the column with the equilibration buffer used for sample loading. The column is fully equilibrated when the effluent pH and conductivity match those of the starting buffer. 1.3 Sample Application The salt concentration and pH of the sample should closely match those of the equilibration buffer. Excessive salt concentration or low pH may cause the sample tofail to bind. Perform buffer exchange via dialysis or desalting to transfer the sample into the starting equilibration buffer. The most common procedure involves binding the target molecule to the ion exchange column while impurities flow through. However, in some cases, it is also feasible to bind impurities to the column while allowing the target molecule to flow through. The ionic strength of the buffer should remain low to avoid interfering with sample binding. The recommended operating pH should be within 0.5 pH units of the buffer pKa and differ by at least one pH unit from the isoelectric point (pI) of the target molecule. 1.4 Protein Elution For DEAE-cellulose media, elution is typically performed using either increasing salt concentration (ionic strength) or decreasing pH, applied via linear or step gradients. 1.5 Column Regeneration Depending on sample properties, regenerate the column by washing with a high ionic strength buffer (e.g., 2 M NaCl) or by altering the buffer pH, followed by re-equilibration with the equilibration buffer. If the binding capacity changes, indicating the presence of substances such as denatured proteins or lipids not removed during regeneration, implement a Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) procedure. 1.6 Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) If a significant change in binding capacity is observed after several runs, perform CIP. Clean the media in situ with 2-5 column volumes (CV) of 0.1 M NaOH solution to remove precipitated proteins, hydrophobically bound proteins, and lipoproteins. Immediately after CIP, rinse thoroughly with copious amounts of purified water until the effluent is neutral. 2. Storage Unused Media:Store sealed at 4-25°C. Used Media:Rinse thoroughly with purified water. Store in 20% ethanol at 4°C. 3. Precautions (1) Prior to application, samples must be membrane-filtered and decolorized. Otherwise, impurities and pigments may be adsorbed onto the media, adversely affecting its performance. All buffers must be filtered through 0.45 µm membranes. (2) Due to the relatively fine particle size of this media, ensure the column is equipped with appropriately sized frits to prevent media leakage. (3) Avoid using high concentrations of strong acids or bases during operation. Acid and base concentrations should be kept below 0.15 M. Alkaline solutions may reduce flow rates. (4) When selecting a column for ion exchange media, avoid long narrow columns as they increase operating pressure. (5) Binding and elution methods vary significantly depending on the sample. Consult relevant literature for specific sample types.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)