Chitobiose is a chitosan oligosaccharide, a dimer of β-1,4-glucosamine. Chitobiose is orally bioactive and has high anti-oxidant effect.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C12H24N2O9
Molecular Weight	413.24900
Exact Mass	412.102
CAS #	577-76-4
Related CAS #	Chitobiose dihydrochloride;115350-24-8;Chitotriose trihydrochloride;117436-78-9
PubChem CID	122158
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.58g/cm3
Boiling Point	736.2ºC at 760mmHg
Flash Point	399ºC
Index of Refraction	1.604
LogP	-5.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	8
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	11
Rotatable Bond Count	8
Heavy Atom Count	23
Complexity	374
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	9
SMILES	C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC(C(CO)O)C(C(C=O)N)O)N)O)O)O
InChi Key	VUALREFPJJODHZ-JTCHKQLLSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C12H24N2O9/c13-4(1-15)8(19)11(5(18)2-16)23-12-7(14)10(21)9(20)6(3-17)22-12/h1,4-12,16-21H,2-3,13-14H2/t4-,5+,6+,7+,8+,9+,10+,11+,12-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-amino-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanal
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vivo	Chitobiose enters the bloodstream when taken orally in doses of 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg [2]. Male Wistar strain rats' pharmacokinetic parameters for chitobiose [2]. PO (30 milligrams per kilogram). PO (Kilograms at 100 mg) PO at 300 mg/kg Tmax (hour) Cpmax (μg/mL) = 0.9, 1.0, 1.8 AUC0–4h (μg·h/mL) = 1.1 4.4 6.9 9.017.6 AUMC0-4h (μg·h^2/mL) 2.5 9.0 3.0.235.6 MRT (h) in 4.0 1.6 1.5 1.6 KA (h^-1) 1.1 1.0 1.2 s. F1-4h (%) = 0.95 0.99 0.96 2.0 1.3 1.8
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Wistar strain male rats (7 weeks, 165-185 g) [2] Doses: 30, 100, 300 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (po (oral gavage)) single dose (pharmacokinetic/PK/PK analysis) Experimental Results: Enters the circulatory system when taken orally .
References	[1]. Chitoheptaose Promotes Heart Rehabilitation in a Rat Myocarditis Model by Improving Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Properties. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2394704. Published 2020 Apr 11. [2]. Pharmacokinetics of chitobiose and chitotriose administered intravenously or orally to rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(3):545-548.
Additional Infomation	Beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-aldehydo-D-glucosamine is a member of chitobioses. See also: N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose (annotation moved to).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.4198 mL	12.0992 mL	24.1984 mL
	5 mM	0.4840 mL	2.4198 mL	4.8397 mL
	10 mM	0.2420 mL	1.2099 mL	2.4198 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.