Benfluorex (Mediator) is an anorectic and hypolipidemic agent that is structurally related to fenfluramine. It may improve glycemic control and decrease insulin resistance in people with poorly controlled type-2 diabetes.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C19H20F3NO2
Molecular Weight	386.8158
Exact Mass	387.121
CAS #	23602-78-0
Related CAS #	Benfluorex hydrochloride;23642-66-2
PubChem CID	2318
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.183g/cm3
Boiling Point	420.5ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	208.1ºC
Vapour Pressure	2.81E-07mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.515
LogP	5.275
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	8
Heavy Atom Count	25
Complexity	408
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	CC(CC1=CC(=CC=C1)C(F)(F)F)NCCOC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2
InChi Key	CJAVTWRYCDNHSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C19H20F3NO2/c1-14(12-15-6-5-9-17(13-15)19(20,21)22)23-10-11-25-18(24)16-7-3-2-4-8-16/h2-9,13-14,23H,10-12H2,1H3
Chemical Name	2-((1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propan-2-yl)amino)ethyl benzoate
Synonyms	BRN 4152887 JP 992 SE 780 Minolip Mediator EINECS 245-777-9 Benfluramate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Benfluex regularly increases the amount of GFP-positive cells, a marker of insulin promoter activity. In a dose-dependent manner, benfluex raises endogenous insulin mRNA levels and the number of GFP-positive cells. In line with its role as an HNF4α activator, Benfluex induces the expression of HNF4α. HNF4α protease sensitivity is changed by benfluex, but not by inactive control molecules [1]. Benfluex greatly increases the generation of 14CO2 in the citric acid cycle while decreasing the synthesis of ketone bodies and acid-soluble metabolites in oleic acid in a concentration-dependent way. Benfluex reduces lactate/pyruvate (10/1 nM) gluconeogenesis rate in a dose-dependent manner [2].
References	[1]. Lee SH, et al. Identification of alverine and benfluorex as HNF4α activators. ACS Chem Biol. 2013 Aug 16;8(8):1730-6. [2]. Kohl C, et al. Effects of benfluorex on fatty acid and glucose metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes: from metabolic fluxes to gene expression. Diabetes. 2002 Aug;51(8):2363-8
Additional Infomation	Benzoic acid 2-[1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-2-ylamino]ethyl ester is a benzoate ester. Benfluorex is an anorectic and hypolipidemic agent that is structurally related to fenfluramine. It was patented and manufactured by a French pharmaceutical company Servier. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended withdrawing all benfluorex containing medicines on 18 December 2009. This recommendation was based on the risks (especially fenfluramine-like cardiovascular side-effects) outweighing the benefits. Benfluorex is an antilipidemic agent that decreases the relative rate of hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis. Benfluorex was never approved for use in the United States and was withdrawn in the European Union because of an increased risk of pulmonary hypertension and valvular disease. See also: Benfluorex hydrochloride (annotation moved to).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.5852 mL	12.9259 mL	25.8518 mL
	5 mM	0.5170 mL	2.5852 mL	5.1704 mL
	10 mM	0.2585 mL	1.2926 mL	2.5852 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.