Violuric acid is a redox mediator used in laccase systems. Violuric acid assay is a method to determine that laccase does not lose its high redox potential during directed evolution.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C4H3N3O4
Molecular Weight	157.08
Exact Mass	157.012
CAS #	87-39-8
PubChem CID	66599
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	2.19 g/cm3
Boiling Point	494.1ºCat 760 mmHg
Melting Point	240-250 °C (dec.)
Flash Point	252.6ºC
Index of Refraction	1.813
LogP	-1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	0
Heavy Atom Count	11
Complexity	269
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	HRRVLSKRYVIEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C4H3N3O4/c8-2-1(7-11)3(9)6-4(10)5-2/h(H3,5,6,8,9,10)
Chemical Name	6-hydroxy-5-nitroso-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

References

[1]. Enhanced Transformation of Emerging Contaminants by Permanganate in the Presence of Redox Mediators. Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Feb 4;54(3):1909-1919. [2]. Colorimetric High-Throughput Screening Assays for the Directed Evolution of Fungal Laccases. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1685:247-254.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: 50 mg/mL (318.31 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	6.3662 mL	31.8309 mL	63.6618 mL
	5 mM	1.2732 mL	6.3662 mL	12.7324 mL
	10 mM	0.6366 mL	3.1831 mL	6.3662 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.