Temporin A is a short α-helical antimicrobial peptide extracted from the skin of Rana temporaria. Temporin A has activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive (Gram+) bacteria. Temporin A interacts directly with the cell membranes of microorganisms and is nontoxic to red blood cells at antibacterial concentrations. Temporin A also has antifungal activity against the yeast-like species Candida albicans.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C68H117N17O14
Molecular Weight	1396.76
Exact Mass	1395.9
CAS #	188713-69-1
PubChem CID	9920205
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
LogP	5.645
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	16
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	16
Rotatable Bond Count	44
Heavy Atom Count	99
Complexity	2700
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	13
SMILES	O=C([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])N([H])C([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H])N([H])[H])=O)N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]1([H])C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])C([H])([H])C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])C(N([H])C([H])([H])C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[H])=O)C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)=O)=O)C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/N=C(\N([H])[H])/N([H])[H])=O)=O)[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O
InChi Key	NMMAFNVBUDEZDD-VMMPLCMKSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C68H117N17O14/c1-15-41(13)55(84-62(94)48(30-38(7)8)78-63(95)51-25-21-27-85(51)67(99)49(31-39(9)10)80-58(90)44(69)32-43-22-18-17-19-23-43)64(96)75-33-52(87)76-45(24-20-26-73-68(71)72)60(92)83-54(40(11)12)65(97)79-47(29-37(5)6)61(93)81-50(35-86)59(91)74-34-53(88)82-56(42(14)16-2)66(98)77-46(57(70)89)28-36(3)4/h17-19,22-23,36-42,44-51,54-56,86H,15-16,20-21,24-35,69H2,1-14H3,(H2,70,89)(H,74,91)(H,75,96)(H,76,87)(H,77,98)(H,78,95)(H,79,97)(H,80,90)(H,81,93)(H,82,88)(H,83,92)(H,84,94)(H4,71,72,73)/t41-,42-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,50-,51-,54-,55-,56-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	In the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria, is a tiny, basic, extremely hydrophobic, antimicrobial peptide amide known as temporin A (TA) (FLPLIGRVLSGIL-NH2). Its antibiotic properties vary when applied to a wide range of bacteria, such as clinically significant strains of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus[2].
References	[1]. Mäntylä T, Sirola H, Kansanen E, et al. Effect of temporin A modifications on its cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. APMIS. 2005;113(7-8):497-505. [2]. Wade D, et al. Antibacterial activities of temporin A analogs. FEBS Lett. 2000;479(1-2):6-9. [3]. Kamysz W, et al. Temporin A and its retro-analogues: synthesis, conformational analysis and antimicrobial activities. J Pept Sci. 2006;12(8):533-537.
Additional Infomation	Temporin A has been reported in Rana temporaria with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.7159 mL	3.5797 mL	7.1594 mL
	5 mM	0.1432 mL	0.7159 mL	1.4319 mL
	10 mM	0.0716 mL	0.3580 mL	0.7159 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.