Sodium carbonate,99.999% metals basis is a biochemical compound that could be utilized as a biomaterial or organic/chemical reagent for biomedical research.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	NA2CO3
Molecular Weight	105.99
Exact Mass	105.964
CAS #	497-19-8
Related CAS #	144-55-8 (Parent)
PubChem CID	10340
Appearance	Grayish-white powder or lumps containing up to 99% sodium carbonate White hygroscopic powder White ... small crystals or monoclinic powder
Density	2.53
Boiling Point	1600°C
Melting Point	851 °C(lit.)
Flash Point	169.8ºC
Index of Refraction	1.535
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	0
Heavy Atom Count	6
Complexity	18.8
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[O-]
InChi Key	CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChi Code	InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
Chemical Name	disodium;carbonate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	One component of the buffer that can be employed to get rid of peripheral membrane proteins is sodium carbonate.
ADME/Pharmacokinetics	Absorption, Distribution and Excretion The uptake of sodium, via exposure to sodium carbonate, is much less than the uptake of sodium via food. Therefore, sodium carbonate is not expected to be systemically available in the body. Furthermore, an oral uptake of sodium carbonate will result in a neutralization in the stomach due to the gastric acid. Filtered and reabsorbed by the kidney; less than 1% of filtered bicarbonate is excreted. Distribution occurs naturally and is confined to the systemic circulation. The major extracellular buffer in the blood and the interstitial fluid of vertebrates is the bicarbonate buffer system ... . Carbon dioxide from the tissues diffuses rapidly into red blood cells, where it is hydrated with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells. The carbonic acid formed dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H2CO3 to dissolved CO2 is constant at equilibrium, pH may be expressed in terms of bicarbonate ion concentration and partial pressure of CO2 by means of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH = pk + log [HCO3-]/aPCO2. The blood plasma of /humans/ normally has a pH of 7.40. Should the pH fall below 7.0 or rise above 7.8, irreversible damage may occur. Compensatory mechanisms for acid-base disturbances function to alter the ratio of HCO3 - to PCO2 , returning the pH of the blood to normal. ... The uptake of sodium, via exposure to sodium carbonate, is much less than the uptake of sodium via food. Therefore, sodium carbonate is not expected to be systemically available in the body. Furthermore ... an oral uptake of sodium carbonate will result in a neutralization in the stomach due to the gastric acid. Metabolism / Metabolites None.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics	Toxicity Summary IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sodium carbonate is a grayish-white powder of lumps containing up to 99% sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate is used for the production of glass, soaps and detergents and other chemicals and it also used by the 'metals and mining' industry and the 'pulp and paper' industry. Sodium carbonate is not only used by industry but is also used by consumers. It may be used directly in solutions of sodium carbonate for soaking of clothes, dishwashing, floor washing and for degreasing operations but it is also present in a large number of consumer products like cosmetics, soaps, scouring powders, soaking and washing powders. Sodium carbonate is also a food additive. HUMAN STUDIES: Aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline, concentrated solutions tend to produce local necrosis of mucous membranes. An aqueous solution, 50% weight/volume, of sodium carbonate was applied to the intact and abraded skin of human volunteers. The sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hr and scored for erythema, edema, and corrosion. The solution produced no erythema and edema. The human skin showed tissue destruction at the abraded sites. Ingestion of large quantities may produce corrosion of GI tract, vomiting, diarrhea, circulatory collapse, death. Dusts of vapors of sodium carbonate may cause irritation of mucous membranes with subsequent coughing and shortness of breath. It is a primary irritant at concentrations below 15% and caustic at concentrations above approximately 15% depending on contact time, areas of exposure, and other factors. ANIMAL STUDIES: An aqueous solution, 50% weight/volume, of sodium carbonate was applied to the intact and abraded skins of rabbits, guinea pigs. The sites were examined at 4, 24, and 48 hr and scored for erythema, edema, and corrosion. The solution produced no erythema and edema. The rabbit skin showed tissue destruction at the abraded sites. Dry, powdered sodium carbonate, as 25% to 75% of a mixture with dry sodium sulfate, applied to eyes of rabbits and monkeys in a systematic study was judged "corrosive" or "harmful" to both species, whether or not followed by irrigation at two minutes after application. However, most monkey eyes exposed to 50% mixture showed little or no persistent injury 21 days after exposure. A repeated dose inhalation study was conducted in male rats exposed to a 2% aqueous sodium carbonate aerosol for 4 hr/day, 5 days/week for 3.5 months. Pulmonary ascorbic acid levels were decreased. Deviations in lungs were found in control and experimental animals but only experimental animals displayed hyperplasia and desquamination of bronchiolar epithelium, and perivascular edema. Other pulmonary changes included thickening of alveolar walls, hyperemia and lymphoid infiltration but these changes were also observed in about 50% of the controls. Aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate were administered daily via oral intubation to pregnant mice at doses ranging from 3.4 to 340 mg/kg bw during days 6-15 of gestation. The test substance produced no unwanted effects. Similar negative results were reported for rats and rabbits for daily doses from 2.45-245 mg/kg bw and 1.79-179 mg/kg bw, respectively. An in vitro mutagenicity test with bacteria was negative. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Sodium carbonate at 10 mg/L, reduced oxygen consumption in Caspian Sea shrimp in all of the observation periods, except days 3 and 10, when it was higher than the control. At 100 mg/L, oxygen consumption was higher during 1st 5 days and thereafter reduced gradually. Sodium carbonate is naturally occurring and commonly found in soil and water in the environment suggesting that releasing low levels of sodium carbonate would not be expected to adversely effect wildlife or water resources. Toxicity Data LC50 (rat) = 2,300 mg/m3/2hr Non-Human Toxicity Values LD50 Rat oral 2.8 g/kg LD50 Rat oral 4090 mg/kg LC50 Rat inhalation 2300 mg/cu m/2 hr LD50 Rat (Wistar) oral (gavage) 2800 mg/kg bw /Sodium carbonate monohydrate/ For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
References	[1]. Anhydrous sodium carbonate as a standard of reference in acidimetry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1937, 9, 3, 141–142.
Additional Infomation	Sodium carbonate is an organic sodium salt and a carbonate salt. Sodium Carbonate is the disodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property. When dissolved in water, sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. As a strong base, sodium hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting as an antacid. Sodium Carbonate is the disodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property. When dissolved in water, sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. As a strong base, sodium hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting as an antacid. Soda is a beverage consisting of carbonated water and a flavoring. See also: Carbonate Ion (has active moiety); Citric acid; magnesium oxide; sodium carbonate (component of); Sodium carbonate; sulfur; tellurium (component of) ... View More ... Drug Indication Used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic.Occasionally, for dermatitides topically as a lotion. Medication (Vet): In solution to cleanse skin, in eczema, to soften scabs of ringworm. Mechanism of Action Carbon dioxide from the tissues diffuses rapidly into red blood cells, where it is hydrated with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in red blood cells. The carbonic acid formed dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma. Since the ratio of H2CO3 to dissolved CO2 is constant at equilibrium, pH may be expressed in terms of bicarbonate ion concentration and partial pressure of CO2 by means of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH = pk + log [HCO3-]/aPCO2 Therapeutic Uses Used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic. Occasionally, for dermatitides topically as a lotion. Medication (Vet): Has been used as an emetic. In solution to cleanse skin, in eczema, to soften scabs of ringworm. Sodium bicarbonate infusion is widely recommended ... for patients who present with self-poisoning from tricyclic antidepressives. Cardiac conduction disorders could also be treated or prevented by means of such an infusion. The scientific basis for these recommendations was investigated by using Medline to search for publications about clinical studies that supported the use of sodium carbonate; 111 articles were scrutinized. Observational studies and case reports mention a rapid improvement in hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias following the administration of sodium bicarbonate. Results from animal experiments are contentious; it is not clear whether alkalinization or the administration of extra sodium causes the effect. Randomized studies in patients have not been carried out. As the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate is low, and its potential benefit appears to be high, /the authors/ recommend its use, despite the lack of scientific evidence. No recommendations concerning dosing, concentration and the length of the therapy can be provided on the basis of the literature. For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Sodium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Pharmacodynamics Alkalizing buffering action: Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalinizing agent that dissociates to provide bicarbonate ion. Bicarbonate in excess of that needed to buffer hydrogen ions causes systemic alkalinization and, when excreted, urine alkalinization as well. Oral antacid action: Taken orally, sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid by the above mechanism.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	9.4349 mL	47.1743 mL	94.3485 mL
	5 mM	1.8870 mL	9.4349 mL	18.8697 mL
	10 mM	0.9435 mL	4.7174 mL	9.4349 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.