Physcion (also known as Physcione) is a naturally occuring anthraquinone isolated from roots of Rheum officinale Baill. Physcion has been commercialised in China for controlling powdery mildews. Physcion controls powdery mildew mainly through changing the expression of defence-related genes, and especially enhancing expression of leaf-specific thionin in barley leaves. Rhein induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and inhibits transforming growth factor β-1 induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C16H12O5
Molecular Weight	284.26
Exact Mass	284.068
Elemental Analysis	C, 67.60; H, 4.26; O, 28.14
CAS #	521-61-9
Related CAS #	Physcion-d3;1215751-27-1
PubChem CID	10639
Appearance	Yellow to orange solid powder
Density	1.4±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	560.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	196-206°C
Flash Point	215.4±23.6 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.678
LogP	5.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Heavy Atom Count	21
Complexity	448
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O)OC)C2=O
InChi Key	FFWOKTFYGVYKIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C16H12O5/c1-7-3-9-13(11(17)4-7)16(20)14-10(15(9)19)5-8(21-2)6-12(14)18/h3-6,17-18H,1-2H3
Chemical Name	1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
Synonyms	NSC-251670;NSC 251670;NSC251670;Physcione; Physcion; 6-O-methyl Emodin;
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase（IC50=38.5 μM）；6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase（Kd=26.0 μM）
ln Vitro	Physcion has been commercialised in China for controlling powdery mildews. Physcion controls powdery mildew mainly through changing the expression of defence-related genes, and especially enhancing expression of leaf-specific thionin in barley leaves
ln Vivo
Animal Protocol
References	[1]. Pest Manag Sci.2010 Jul;66(7):718-24. [2]. Yao Xue Xue Bao.2001May;36(5):334-8. [3]. Nat Cell Biol. 2015 Nov;17(11):1484-96.
Additional Infomation	Physcion is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an antineoplastic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent and a metabolite. It is functionally related to a 2-methylanthraquinone. Physcion has been reported in Alternaria porri, Cortinarius canarius, and other organisms with data available. See also: Frangula purshiana Bark (part of); Reynoutria multiflora root (part of).

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	DMSO : 2~3.33 mg/mL ( 7.03~11.71 mM) THF :~2.5 mg/mL (~8.79 mM )
Solubility (In Vivo)	Chemical Name:1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione InChi Key:FFWOKTFYGVYKIR-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChi Code:InChI=1S/C16H12O5/c1-7-3-9-13(11(17)4-7)16(20)14-10(15(9)19)5-8(21-2)6-12(14)18/h3-6,17-18H,1-2H3SMILES Code:O=C1C2=C(C=C(C)C=C2O)C(C3=CC(OC)=CC(O)=C13)=O  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.5179 mL	17.5895 mL	35.1791 mL
	5 mM	0.7036 mL	3.5179 mL	7.0358 mL
	10 mM	0.3518 mL	1.7590 mL	3.5179 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.