RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA is an inhibitor (blocker/antagonist) of integrin-ligand interactions. RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA competitively inhibits/disrupts the binding of α5β1 to the extracellular matrix (ECM). RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA promotes apoptosis by activating conformational changes that enhance pro-caspase-3 activation and autoprocessing. RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA plays an important role in cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C25H39F3N10O12
Molecular Weight	728.63
Related CAS #	RGD peptide (GRGDNP);114681-65-1
Appearance	Solid powder
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	α5β1
ln Vitro	The application of RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA (50 μM) eliminated the stretch-induced activation of IKK and IL-6 mRNA expression after a 3-hour preincubation period. In unstretched HUVECs, it has minimal impact on IL-6 mRNA expression and IKK activity[2]. Complete reversal of increased FN1 expression was observed in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated primary hippocampal neurons, HT22 cell lines, and their sEVs after 6 hours of treatment with RGD peptide (GRGDNP) TFA (300 μg/mL) [3].
References	[1]. RGD peptides induce apoptosis by direct caspase-3 activation. Nature. 1999 Feb 11;397(6719):534-9. [2]. Damaged brain accelerates bone healing by releasing small extracellular vesicles that target osteoprogenitors. Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 15;12(1):6043. [3]. Mechanotransduction by integrin is essential for IL-6 secretion from endothelial cells in response to uniaxial continuous stretch. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005 May;288(5):C1012-22.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	H2O :≥ 50 mg/mL (~68.62 mM) DMSO :≥ 50 mg/mL (~68.62 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (137.24 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.3724 mL	6.8622 mL	13.7244 mL
	5 mM	0.2745 mL	1.3724 mL	2.7449 mL
	10 mM	0.1372 mL	0.6862 mL	1.3724 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.