Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor, an anionic redox cycling protoquinone. Pyrroloquinoline quinone was originally extracted from cultures of methylophilic bacteria and is also present in mammalian tissues. Pyrroloquinoline quinone is an essential nutrient in mammals and is important for immune function.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C14H6N2O8
Molecular Weight	330.2060
Exact Mass	330.012
CAS #	72909-34-3
PubChem CID	1024
Appearance	Pink to red solid powder
Density	2.0±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	1018.6±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	569.8±34.3 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.801
LogP	-0.65
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	9
Rotatable Bond Count	3
Heavy Atom Count	24
Complexity	647
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	MMXZSJMASHPLLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C14H6N2O8/c17-10-4-2-6(14(23)24)15-8(4)7-3(12(19)20)1-5(13(21)22)16-9(7)11(10)18/h1-2,15H,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H,23,24)
Chemical Name	4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	The immune systems, baldness, stooped posture, and vulnerability to aortic aneurysms are all present in mice pups that are born and nursed by moms deficient in pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) [2].
References	[1]. Evidence for methoxatin (pyrroloquinolinequinone) as the cofactor in bovine plasma amine oxidase from resonance Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(22):8435-9. [2]. Methoxatin (PQQ) in guinea-pig neutrophils. Free Radic Biol Med. 1994 Oct;17(4):311-20.
Additional Infomation	Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions. It has a role as a water-soluble vitamin (role), a cofactor, an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a member of orthoquinones, a tricarboxylic acid and a pyrroloquinoline cofactor. It is a conjugate acid of a pyrroloquinoline quinone(3-). Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Pyrroloquinoline quinone has been reported in Hyphomicrobium with data available. A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	H2O : ~1 mg/mL (~3.03 mM) DMSO :< 1 mg/mL
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 1 mg/mL (3.03 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.0284 mL	15.1419 mL	30.2838 mL
	5 mM	0.6057 mL	3.0284 mL	6.0568 mL
	10 mM	0.3028 mL	1.5142 mL	3.0284 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.