Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride is an analogue of carnitine. Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride may be utilized in the research/study of inflammation.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C10H20CLNO4
Molecular Weight	253.72
Exact Mass	253.108
CAS #	18828-58-5
Related CAS #	Levocarnitine propionate hydrochloride;119793-66-7
PubChem CID	13020033
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
LogP	1.291
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	7
Heavy Atom Count	16
Complexity	232
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	KTFMPDDJYRFWQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C10H19NO4.ClH/c1-5-10(14)15-8(6-9(12)13)7-11(2,3)4;/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3;1H
Chemical Name	(3-carboxy-2-propanoyloxypropyl)-trimethylazanium;chloride
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Beta-thalassaemic erythrocytes are protected against oxidative stress by protonyl-DL-carnitine chloride[1]. Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride accelerates the rate at which acetyl camitine is formed from pyruvate and boosts the synthesis of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate[2]. Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride inhibits the production of oxygen reactive species caused by xanthine oxidase activity on hypoxanthine produced by adenine nucleotide catabolism and prolongs the survival of endothelial cells in their regulatory role on vascular activity[4].
ln Vivo	The total carnitine concentrations in mice's plasma and urine are impacted by protonyl-DL-carnitine chloride (2 mM/kg; po once daily for 4 weeks)[3].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Adult age-matched male C57BL/6 mice[3] Doses: 2 mM/kg Route of Administration: Oral gavage; 2 mM/kg/day for 4 weeks Experimental Results: Increased plasma and urine total carnitine concentrations, but demonstrated no effect on the skeletal muscle carnitine content of mice.
References	[1]. Protection of beta-thalassaemic erythrocytes from oxidative stress by propionyl carnitine. Int J Tissue React. 1994;16(3):121-9. [2]. Anaplerotic effect of propionyl carnitine in rat heart mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Mar 15;199(2):949-53. [3]. Effect of carnitine, acetyl-, and propionylcarnitine supplementation on the body carnitine pool, skeletal muscle composition, and physical performance in mice. Eur J Nutr. 2014 Sep;53(6):1313-25. [4]. Effect of propionyl carnitine on energy charge and adenine nucleotide content of cardiac endothelial cells during hypoxia. Int J Tissue React. 1991;13(1):37-40.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

Methanol: 250 mg/mL (985.34 mM) DMSO: 100 mg/mL (394.14 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.9414 mL	19.7068 mL	39.4135 mL
	5 mM	0.7883 mL	3.9414 mL	7.8827 mL
	10 mM	0.3941 mL	1.9707 mL	3.9414 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.