Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of higher plants. Pectin can be formulated into nanoparticles that serve as delivery vehicles for active molecules. Pectin is also an adsorbent, a broad spectrum (a wide range) anti-bacterial agent that binds to bacterial toxins and other irritants in the intestinal mucosa, soothing irritated mucosa.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C5H10O5
Molecular Weight	150.1299
Exact Mass	150.052
CAS #	9000-69-5
PubChem CID	854
Appearance	Off-white to light yellow solid powder
Density	1.5±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	415.5±38.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	6.1ºC
Flash Point	219.2±23.3 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±2.2 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.544
LogP	-2.39
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	4
Heavy Atom Count	10
Complexity	104
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2
Chemical Name	2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	HepG2 cells respond poorly to pectin (5 mg/mL; 24, 48, and 72 hours) and it can be used to encapsulate paclitaxel in PPNs, which lowers the drug's cytotoxicity (%) from 55.6% at 72 hours to 21.7% h[1]. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 is inhibited from growing by pectin (3, 6 mg/mL; 48 hours) at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 mg/mL [2]. At pH 5.0, pectin demonstrates the strongest antibacterial activity against the common human pathogen, Gram-negative Helicobacter pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.162 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.325 mg/mL [2]. Escherichia coli is susceptible to low levels of pectin's antibacterial activity, as evidenced by MICs of 25 and 50 mg/mL and MBC values ranging from 25 to 50 mg/mL[2]. Pectin's undissociated acid form demonstrates antibacterial action [2].
ln Vivo	Paclitaxel (20 mg/kg; i.v.; single dose) is encapsulated in pectin nanoparticles, which considerably postpone plasma clearance and allow paclitaxel to be detected in Balb/c mice for up to 48 hours [1].
References	[1]. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of negatively charged pectin nanoparticles encapsulating paclitaxel. Cancer Nanotechnol. 2013;4(4-5):99-102. [2]. Pectin: A Long-Neglected Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial. ChemMedChem. 2020 Dec 3;15(23):2228-2235. [3]. Prozdrowotne właściwości pektyn [Health-promoting properties of pectin]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2014 Jan 2;68:590-6. Polish.
Additional Infomation	2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal is a pentose, a polyol and a hydroxyaldehyde. DL-Arabinose has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana, Streptomyces hainanensis, and other organisms with data available. High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. See also: Pectin, citrus (annotation moved to); Pectin (annotation moved to); L-Arabinose (annotation moved to) ... View More ...

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	6.6609 mL	33.3045 mL	66.6089 mL
	5 mM	1.3322 mL	6.6609 mL	13.3218 mL
	10 mM	0.6661 mL	3.3304 mL	6.6609 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.