Pectic acid (Methyl protopectin) is a polygalacturonic acid that can cause apoptosis and necrosis in pituitary tumor cells. Pectic acid may be utilized in the research into cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C18H26O19
Molecular Weight	546.38764
Exact Mass	546.107
CAS #	9046-40-6
PubChem CID	439239
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
LogP	-6.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	11
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	19
Rotatable Bond Count	7
Heavy Atom Count	37
Complexity	853
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	13
SMILES	[C@H]1([C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]1OC2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O2)C(=O)O)OC3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)C(=O)O)O)O)O
InChi Key	LCLHHZYHLXDRQG-ZNKJPWOQSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C18H26O19/c19-1-2(20)10(13(26)27)36-17(6(1)24)35-9-4(22)7(25)18(37-12(9)15(30)31)34-8-3(21)5(23)16(32)33-11(8)14(28)29/h1-12,16-25,32H,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,30,31)/t1-,2+,3+,4+,5+,6+,7+,8+,9+,10-,11-,12-,16-,17?,18?/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(2S,3R,4S,5R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5R)-2-carboxy-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-carboxy-4,5,6-trihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Without compromising the viability of the cells, pectic acid (2.5-100 μg/mL, 30 minutes) promotes the release of prolactin (PRL) in GH3/B6 cells [1]. Pectic acid (100 μg/mL–5 mg/mL, 6-48 hours) was observed to induce cell mortality and DNA damage in GH3/B6 cells by MTT assay and AO/EB staining [2]. In GH3/B6 cells, pectate acid (100 μg/mL-1 mg/mL, 24 h) dose-dependently promotes apoptosis [2]. Pectic acid (2.5–5 mg/mL, 24 hours) promotes GH3/B6 cell necrosis, as demonstrated by PI staining [2].
ln Vivo	In ulcerative colitis (UC) mice, pectic acid (25 and 100 mg/kg, oral gavage) lengthens the colon and reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, histopathological scores, and disease activity index [3]. The reduction in colon length in UC mice can be reversed by administering pectic acid intravenously at doses of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg [3].
Cell Assay	Cell cycle analysis [2] Cell Types: GH3/B6 Cell Tested Concentrations: 1 mg/mL Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Induction of sub-G1 events and DNA fragmentation, correlated with the number of apoptotic cells.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Ulcerative colitis (UC) mice [3] Doses: 25, 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage) Experimental Results: demonstrated the longest colon, the lowest DAI and the lowest histopathological score. Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue of UC mice. Animal/Disease Models: Ulcerative colitis (UC) mice [3] Doses: 6.25, 12.5 mg/kg Route of Administration: intravenous (iv) (iv)injection Experimental Results: spleen and thymus index diminished. Restoring the Th17/Treg balance in the spleen and lamina propria of UC mice. Improve gut microbiota composition.
References	[1]. Pectic acid effects on prolactin secretion in GH3/B6 rat pituitary cell line. Iran Biomed J. 2008 Jul;12(3):167-72. [2]. Apoptotic and necrotic effects of pectic acid on rat pituitary GH3/B6 tumor cells. Iran Biomed J. 2009 Oct;13(4):229-36. [3]. Effects of oral administration and intravenous injection of polygalacturonic acid on the immunomodulation and gut microbiota in UC mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Sep 30;217:150-160.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.8302 mL	9.1510 mL	18.3019 mL
	5 mM	0.3660 mL	1.8302 mL	3.6604 mL
	10 mM	0.1830 mL	0.9151 mL	1.8302 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.