Lewis X trisaccharide (Lewis X, Lex) is a potent TH2 modulator that antagonizes LPS-induced IL-12 immune expression. Lewis X trisaccharide is a human tissue blood group antigen that plays a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion and is a tumor marker. Lewis X trisaccharide has also been used in immunological research on schistosomiasis.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C20H35NO15
Molecular Weight	529.4896
Exact Mass	529.201
CAS #	71208-06-5
PubChem CID	3035680
Appearance	Off-white to light brown solid powder
Density	1.65g/cm3
Boiling Point	892.4ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	155-156ºC
Flash Point	493.5ºC
Index of Refraction	1.632
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	10
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	15
Rotatable Bond Count	11
Heavy Atom Count	36
Complexity	715
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	14
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	In mouse splenocytes, Lewis Lewis Lewis X trisaccharide-BSA (25 μg/mL; 48 hours) or Lewis IL-13 and INF)-γ) levels [1]. Lewis-containing complex sugars
ln Vivo	Lewis -TLR4 signaling[1].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Mice (BALB/c, IL-12-deficient, TLR4-deficient C3H/hej, or TLR4 wild-type C3H/HeOuj mice on a BALB/c background) (6-8 weeks old) [1] Doses: 5 μg , combined with 50μg ovalbumin Route of Administration: subcutaneous injection; once a week for 2 weeks Experimental Results: In C3H mice, binding to BSA (LeX-BSA) elicited higher levels of specific IgE and IgG1 , but does not produce IgG2a, in BSA-sensitized mice. In ovalbumin-induced balb/c (Bagg ALBino) mouse, specific IgE levels were Dramatically increased and IgG2a antibodies were produced, while serum IL-12p70 levels were diminished. In IL-12-deficient balb/c (Bagg ALBino) mouse, the downward trend of the above indicators was attenuated.
References	[1]. Antigen coupled with Lewis-x trisaccharides elicits potent immune responses in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jun;119(6):1522-8. [2]. Structure of an anti-Lewis X Fab fragment in complex with its Lewis X antigen. Structure. 2004 Jul;12(7):1227-36. [3]. The Hidden Conformation of Lewis x, a Human Histo-Blood Group Antigen, Is a Determinant for Recognition by Pathogen Lectins. ACS Chem Biol. 2016 Jul 15;11(7):2011-20.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.8886 mL	9.4430 mL	18.8861 mL
	5 mM	0.3777 mL	1.8886 mL	3.7772 mL
	10 mM	0.1889 mL	0.9443 mL	1.8886 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.