Leonurine HCl is an alkaloid extracted from Leonurus artemisia and has antioxidant and anti~inflammatory activities.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C₁₄H₂₂CLN₃O₅
Molecular Weight	347.79
Exact Mass	347.124
CAS #	24735-18-0
Related CAS #	Leonurine;24697-74-3
PubChem CID	46837042
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Melting Point	194 ºC
LogP	2.822
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	9
Heavy Atom Count	23
Complexity	360
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	GHVZIMAVDJZQGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C14H21N3O5.ClH/c1-20-10-7-9(8-11(21-2)12(10)18)13(19)22-6-4-3-5-17-14(15)16;/h7-8,18H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H4,15,16,17);1H
Chemical Name	4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate;hydrochloride
Synonyms	SCM-198 HCl SCM 198HClSCM198HCl SCM-198 SCM 198SCM198SCM-198 hydrochlorideSCM198 hydrochlorideSCM 198 hydrochloride
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Twenty-four hours after treatment, lenurine (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM) increases apoA-I, or HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, and decreases lipid accumulation as well as cellular cholesterol content, including total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), and cholesteryl esters (CE). In human THP-1 macrophages, lenurine also dramatically and dose-dependently upregulates the mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, an effect that is associated with PPARγ [1]. After being cultured with free fatty acid (FFA) and palmitic acid (PA) for 24 hours, HepG2 and HL-7702 cells demonstrated a protective impact from leucine hydrochloride (LH) on their ability to survive. By triggering the AMPK/SREBP1 pathway, lenurine hydrochloride (125, 250, and 500 μM) enhances cellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 and HL-7702 cells [2]. In human chondrocytes, leonurine (5, 10, 20 μM) reduces the production of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 caused by IL-1β. It also inhibits the breakdown of extracellular matrix (ECM) in human OA chondrocytes. Furthermore, in a dose-dependent way, blocking IL-1β causes PI3K and Akt activation.
ln Vivo	In mouse serum, leonurine (10 mg/kg/d, po) dramatically raises the expression of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 while lowering TG and TC levels [1]. By activating the AMPK/SREBP1 pathway, levonurine hydrochloride (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) improves intracellular lipid accumulation, biochemical parameters, liver lipid peroxides, and antioxidant levels in mice [2]. In a mouse model of DMM, leonurine (20 mg/kg, orally) ameliorates the development of osteoarthritis [3].
Cell Assay	MTT assay is performed to study the cytotoxic effects of Leonurinein HepG2 and HL-7702 cells. Briefly, HepG2 and HL-7702 cells are seeded for 24 h at the density of 3 × 104 cells/well in 96-well plates. After 24 h incubation, cells are treated with different concentrations of Leonurine (0-1000 μM) and the control group is treated with only DMEM for 24 h at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator. Then, these cells are treated with MTT solution (5 mg/mL) for further 4 h. After 4 h incubation, DMEM containing MTT solution is discarded. Cells are then dissolved by adding DMSO (200 μL) to each well and the solutions are mixed thoroughly for 5 min. Finally, the absorbance is determined at 570 nm with a microplate reader[2].
References	[1]. Leonurine Prevents Atherosclerosis Via Promoting the Expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in a Pparγ/Lxrα Signaling Pathway-Dependent Manner. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;43(4):1703-1717. [2]. Novel hepatoprotective role of Leonurine hydrochloride against experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mediated via AMPK/SREBP1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Dec 7;110:571-581. [3]. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling with leonurine for ameliorating the progression of osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Cell Physiol. 2018 Nov 11.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO : ≥ 31 mg/mL (~89.13 mM) H2O : ~5 mg/mL (~14.38 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.8753 mL	14.3765 mL	28.7530 mL
	5 mM	0.5751 mL	2.8753 mL	5.7506 mL
	10 mM	0.2875 mL	1.4376 mL	2.8753 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.