Kynuramine diHBr is an endogenous amine and a fluorescent substrate for plasma amine oxidase.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C9H14BR2N2O
Molecular Weight	326.03
Exact Mass	323.947
CAS #	304-47-2
Related CAS #	Kynuramine dihydrochloride;36681-58-0
PubChem CID	90471391
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Boiling Point	367.3ºC at 760mmHg
Flash Point	175.9ºC
LogP	3.998
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	3
Rotatable Bond Count	3
Heavy Atom Count	14
Complexity	159
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	Br.NCCC(C1=CC=CC=C1N)=O
InChi Key	KNLPLQJBAIXOQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C9H12N2O.2BrH/c10-6-5-9(12)7-3-1-2-4-8(7)11;;/h1-4H,5-6,10-11H2;2*1H
Chemical Name	3-amino-1-(2-aminophenyl)propan-1-one;dihydrobromide
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	In vitro, krynuramine dihydrobromide inhibits alpha-adrenergic receptors both postsynaptic and presynaptic [2]. It has been demonstrated that kynuramine dihydrobromide partially agonistically interacts with serotonin receptors in canine cerebral arteries [2]. The ileum contracted slightly when exposed to 20 μg/mL of kynuramine dihydrobromide, but this did not change the twitching response to cholinergic stimulation [2].
ln Vivo	Kynuramine dihydrobromide (0.064-8 μg; intracerebroventricular; single dosage) increases estrogen-stimulated lordotic behavior in ovariectomized rats[3]. Kynuramine dihydrobromide (1.25-5.0 mg/kg; IV; single dosage) raises heart rate and blood pressure in rats[4].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Female rats[3]. Doses: 0.064, 0.32, 1.6 or 8 μg. Route of Administration: Intraventricular injection; single does. Experimental Results: Produced facilitation of lordosis behavior. Animal/Disease Models: Male rats (about 200g)[4]. Doses: 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Route of Administration: intravenous (iv) injection; single does. Experimental Results: Promoted heart rate and blood pressure.
References	[1]. Kynuramine, a fluorescent substrate and probe of plasma amine oxidase. J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 25;252(22):8081-4. [2]. T D Johnson, An alpha-adrenoceptor inhibitory action of kynuramine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1981 Jul 10;72(4):351-6. [3]. Intraventricular administration of l-kynurenine and kynuramine facilitates lordosis in the female rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987 Oct 27;142(3):447-51. [4]. Blood pressure and heart rate effects of kynuramine in pithed rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1983 Feb 18;87(2-3):323-6.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.0672 mL	15.3360 mL	30.6720 mL
	5 mM	0.6134 mL	3.0672 mL	6.1344 mL
	10 mM	0.3067 mL	1.5336 mL	3.0672 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.