Kusunokinin ((-)-Kusunokinin) is a naturally occurring compound extracted from P. nigrum. Kusunokinin has anti-cancer activity. Kusunokinin can arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and cause apoptosis.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C21H22O6
Molecular Weight	370.40
Exact Mass	370.141
CAS #	58311-20-9
PubChem CID	384876
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	543.6±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	238.5±28.8 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.586
LogP	3.36
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	6
Heavy Atom Count	27
Complexity	511
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	2
SMILES	O1C([C@H](CC2C=CC3=C(C=2)OCO3)[C@@H](CC2C=CC(=C(C=2)OC)OC)C1)=O
InChi Key	LEVKKQBBEVGIKN-JKSUJKDBSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C21H22O6/c1-23-17-5-3-13(9-19(17)24-2)7-15-11-25-21(22)16(15)8-14-4-6-18-20(10-14)27-12-26-18/h3-6,9-10,15-16H,7-8,11-12H2,1-2H3/t15-,16+/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(3R,4R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Kusunokinin ((-)-Kusunokinin; 0.625–10 µg/mL; 72 h) suppresses MCF-7, HT-29, MDA-MB-468, SW-620, A-549, and MDA-MB cancer cells' ability to proliferate. -231 cells have IC50 values of 3.08, 3.59, 3.98, 5.75, 5.77, and 7.86 µM [1].
ln Vivo	Kusunokinin ((-)-Kusunokinin; i.e., three times a week for two weeks; 7 and 14 mg/kg) suppresses the formation of tumors in mice generated by NMU by downregulating signaling molecules (c-Src, PI3K, Akt, and Erk1/2) [1].
Cell Assay	Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: Cancer cells Tested Concentrations: 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 µg/mL Incubation Duration: 72 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Had anticancer activity and inhibited cancer cells growth.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Female Sprague Dawley rats (7 weeks of age)[1] Doses: 7 and 14 mg/kg Route of Administration: subcutaneous (sc)injection, 3 times a week for 2 weeks Experimental Results: Inhibited the mammary tumor growth and diminished tumor volume. Down-regulated c-Src, Erk1/2 and PI3K proteins and diminished Akt proteins. Inhibited downstream molecules in the cell cycle (c-Myc, E2f-1, CDK1 and cyclin B1) and metastasis (E-cadherin, MMP-2 and MMP-9).
References	[1]. (-)-Kusunokinin inhibits breast cancer in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Sep 5;882:173311.
Additional Infomation	Kusunokinin has been reported in Virola michelii, Cinnamomum camphora, and other organisms with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.6998 mL	13.4989 mL	26.9978 mL
	5 mM	0.5400 mL	2.6998 mL	5.3996 mL
	10 mM	0.2700 mL	1.3499 mL	2.6998 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.