Isophytol is a biochemical compound that may be utilized as a biomaterial or organic/chemical reagent for biomedical research.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C20H40O
Molecular Weight	296.53
Exact Mass	296.307
CAS #	505-32-8
PubChem CID	10453
Appearance	Oily liquid
Density	0.8±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	327.8±10.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	143.5±4.7 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.456
LogP	8.28
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	1
Rotatable Bond Count	13
Heavy Atom Count	21
Complexity	259
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	CC(CCCC(CCCC(CCCC(C=C)(C)O)C)C)C
InChi Key	KEVYVLWNCKMXJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C20H40O/c1-7-20(6,21)16-10-15-19(5)14-9-13-18(4)12-8-11-17(2)3/h7,17-19,21H,1,8-16H2,2-6H3
Chemical Name	3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-1-en-3-ol
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Toxicity/Toxicokinetics

Toxicity Summary Isophytol has a low acute oral and dermal toxicity: oral mammalian LD50 above 5000 mg/kg bw, with most values greater than 8000 mg/kg bw. The acute dermal LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg bw in rabbits. One intraperitoneal LD50 in mouse is 169 mg/kg bw. Inhalative tests over 8 hours in rodents show no effect of a nonaerosol isophytol-enriched atmosphere (NOEC about 0.3 mg/cu m based on vapor pressure). Isophytol is irritating to the skin, based on animal studies, but a 10% solution in petrolatum was not irritating to human volunteers. Isophytol is a slight eye irritant. In rabbit transient irritant reactions of the eyes were produced, which all resolved within 8 days. In two sensitization tests the reactions were judged to be of an irritant rather than a sensitizing nature, a maximization test with 10% isophytol in human volunteers was negative. The 28-day subchronic oral NOEL is 250 mg/kg bw/d, with only minor and reversible effects (including kidney weight changes) at the LOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. Based on histopathological data from a one-generation study with an average exposure of 64 days for females and of 98 days for males, the NOEL and NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was below 250 mg/kg bw/d. Isophytol was not mutagenic in two bacterial tests, whereas one bacterial test was predominantly negative with a few ambiguous results. In an in vivo micronucleus test no clastogenic effects were seen. Thus isophytol is considered to be not mutagenic. There are no proper carcinogenicity data. In a one-generation reproductive toxicity study, 250 mg/kg bw/d was the LOAEL for parental toxicity based on effects in kidney (dilated renal tubules; renal mineralization). 500 mg/kg bw/d was the NOAEL for maternal reproductive effects based on a slightly increased mean pre-coital time, a decreased fertility index and conception rate. Postnatal loss was observed at low and medium dose (2% in controls, 7% at 250, 8% at 500 mg/kg bw/d) an increase of 39% at 1000 mg/kg bw/d was observed where also clinical signs in the mothers appeared. A NOAEL of 500 mg/kg bw/d was derived for developmental toxicity of the pups based on clinical signs and decreased body weight during the lactation period. In conclusion, the overall mammalian toxicity of isophytol is considered to be low but, based on animal data, there is a potential for irritation. Interactions Gel ointment containing 1% isophytol as the only terpene clearly enhanced percutaneous indomethacin absorption /of rat skin/ in comparison with gel ointment without any terpene, where no indomethacine was found in blood samples. However, the penetration-promoting effect of isophytol was relatively weak, clearly lower than any of the 7 tested monoterpenes, within the range of 4 tested sesquiterpenes; isophytol showed the lowest promoting effect of the 3 diterpenes to which group isophytol itself belongs. Non-Human Toxicity Values LD50 Rat oral > 8000 mg/kg /From table/ LD50 Rat oral > 12000 mg/kg /Isophytol crude/ /From table/ LD50 Mouse oral > 8000 mg/kg /From table/ LD50 Mouse ip 169 mg/kg /From table/ LD50 Rabbit dermal > 5000 mg/kg /From table/

Additional Infomation

Isophytol has been reported in Basella alba, Hordeum vulgare, and other organisms with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.3723 mL	16.8617 mL	33.7234 mL
	5 mM	0.6745 mL	3.3723 mL	6.7447 mL
	10 mM	0.3372 mL	1.6862 mL	3.3723 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.