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Iodixanol (Visipaque, Iodixanolum, OptiPrep) is an iodine-containing non-ionic compound commonly used as a contrast agent during coronary angiography. It is the only iso-osmolar contrast agent, with an osmolality of 290 mOsm/kg H2O—the same as blood.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C35H44I6N6O15 |
| Molecular Weight | 1550.18 |
| Exact Mass | 1549.713 |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 27.12; H, 2.86; I, 49.12; N, 5.42; O, 15.48 |
| CAS # | 92339-11-2 |
| PubChem CID | 3724 |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid powder |
| Density | 2.3±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Boiling Point | 1250.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 262-267ºC (dec.) |
| Flash Point | 710.3±34.3 °C |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C |
| Index of Refraction | 1.752 |
| LogP | -5.88 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 13 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 15 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 22 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 62 |
| Complexity | 1330 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| InChi Key | NBQNWMBBSKPBAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C35H44I6N6O15/c1-13(52)46(30-26(38)20(32(59)42-3-15(54)9-48)24(36)21(27(30)39)33(60)43-4-16(55)10-49)7-19(58)8-47(14(2)53)31-28(40)22(34(61)44-5-17(56)11-50)25(37)23(29(31)41)35(62)45-6-18(57)12-51/h15-19,48-51,54-58H,3-12H2,1-2H3,(H,42,59)(H,43,60)(H,44,61)(H,45,62) |
| Chemical Name | 5-[acetyl-[3-[N-acetyl-3,5-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropylcarbamoyl)-2,4,6-triiodoanilino]-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1-N,3-N-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodobenzene-1,3-dicarboxamide |
| Synonyms | Visipaque; Indixanol; Iodixanolum; Visipaque 270; Visipaque 320; OptiPrep; |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Non-ionic radiocontrast agent |
| ln Vitro | Iodixanol is a dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography. It has a role as a radioopaque medium. |
| ln Vivo | DTI-derived mean diffusivity(MD) and fractional anisotropy(FA) values can be used to evaluate CI-AKI effectively. Quercetin significantly increased the expression of Sirt 1 and reduced oxidative stress by increasing Nrf 2/HO-1/SOD1. The antiapoptotic effect of quercetin on CI-AKI was revealed by decreasing proteins level and by reducing the number of apoptosis-positive cells. In addition, flow cytometry indicated quercetin-mediated inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization in the CI-AKI.Conclusions: DTI will be an effective noninvasive tool in diagnosing CI-AKI. Quercetin attenuates CI-AKI on the basis of DM through anti-oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation[1]. Redox Rep. 2024 Dec;29(1):2398380. |
| Animal Protocol | To investigate the renal pathophysiological processes and protective effect of quercetin on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in mice with type 1 diabetic mellitus(DM) using diffusion tensor imaging(DTI).Methods: Mice with DM were divided into two groups. In the diabetic + contrast medium(DCA) group, the changes of the mice kidneys were monitored at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection of iodixanol(4gI/kg). The mice in the diabetic + contrast medium + quercetin(DCA + QE) group were orally given different concentrations of quercetin for seven days before injection of iodixanol. In vitro experiments, renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells exposed to high glucose conditions were treated with various quercetin concentrations before treatment with iodixanol(250 mgI/mL) [1]. Redox Rep. 2024 Dec;29(1):2398380. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion In adults, approximately 97% of the injected dose of iodixanol is excreted unchanged in urine within 24 hours, with less than 2% excreted in feces within five days post-injection. 0.26 L/kg Absorption and excretion of iodixanol 320 mg I/ml were investigated in rats after intragastric administration of 2.5 g I/kg b.w. Animals were observed for up to 96 hours after treatment, and blood, urine and feces taken at several time-points throughout the experiment. Concentrations of iodixanol in serum and urine were measured by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fecal concentrations of iodixanol, based on iodine measurements, were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Serial radiographs were obtained and histopathological examination was performed on selected tissues. The results indicate that less than 1% of the intragastric dose of iodixanol is absorbed from the intestine into the blood stream. No adverse clinical signs were observed, and there were no treatment-related histomorphological findings. In 40 healthy, young male volunteers receiving a single intravenous administration of iodixanol injection in doses of 0.3 to 1.2 gI/kg body weight, ... renal clearance was 110 mL/min (+/-14), equivalent to glomerular filtration (108 mL/min). These values were independent of the dose administered. ... In a study of 16 adult patients who were scheduled for renal transplant, the elimination of iodixanol 320 mgI/mL was studied. The patients' baseline mean creatinine levels were 6.3 mg/dL (+/-1.5) and mean creatinine clearances were 13.61 mL/min (+/- 4.67). ... In these patients, levels of iodixanol were detected 5 days after dosing. Contrast enhancement time in kidneys increased from 6 hours to at least 24 hours. ... Plasma and urine levels suggest that body clearance of iodixanol is primarily due to renal clearance. In adults, approximately 97% of the injected dose of iodixanol is excreted unchanged in urine within 24 hours, with less than 2% excreted in feces within five days post-injection. For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Iodixanol (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Metabolism / Metabolites Excreted unchanged Iodixanol metabolites have not been demonstrated. Biological Half-Life 2.1 hours. In patients with significantly impaired renal function (mean creatinine clearance rate, 9.91 [± 3.58] mL per minute), the plasma half-life is increased to 23 hours. Forty pediatric patients < or = 12 years old, with renal function that is normal for their age, received multiple intra-arterial administrations of iodixanol injection in doses of 0.32 to 3.2 gI/kg body weight. The elimination half-lives for these patients are ...: 0.185 hr -1 (newborn to 2 months old), 0.256 hr -1 (2 to <6 months old), 0.299 hr -1 (6 months to<1 year), 0.322 hr -1 (1 to<2 years), and 0.307 hr -1 (2 to < or = 12 years old). The adult mean terminal elimination rate constant is 0.336 hr-1. ... In 40 healthy, young male volunteers receiving a single intravenous administration of iodixanol injection in doses of 0.3 to 1.2 gI/kg body weight, the elimination half-life was 2.1 hr (+/- 0.1) ... ... Iodixanol was rapidly excreted, mainly via the kidneys, with a plasma half-life in rats and monkeys of 25 and 76 mins, respectively. ... ... In a study of 16 adult patients who were scheduled for renal transplant, the elimination of iodixanol 320 mgI/mL was studied. ... In these patients, the plasma half-life was increased to 23 hours (normal t1/2 = 2 hours). ... |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Summary of Use during Lactation Intravenous iodinated contrast media are poorly excreted into breastmilk and poorly absorbed orally so they are not likely to reach the bloodstream of the infant or cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. One report of very small amounts of iodine from iodixanol in breastmilk supports this generalization. Guidelines developed by several professional organizations state that breastfeeding need not be disrupted after a nursing mother receives an iodine-containing contrast medium. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Protein Binding Negligible |
| References |
[1]. Iodixanol. |
| Additional Infomation |
Iodixanol is a dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography. It has a role as a radioopaque medium. Iodixanol is a nonionic hydrophilic compound commonly used as a contrast agent during coronary angiography, particularly in individuals with renal dysfunction, as it is believed to be less toxic to the kidneys than most other intravascular contrast agents. Iodixanol is a Radiographic Contrast Agent. The mechanism of action of iodixanol is as a X-Ray Contrast Activity. Iodixanol is a dimeric iso-osmolar, non-ionic, hydrophilic iodinated radiocontrast agent used in diagnostic imaging. Upon intravascular administration and during computed tomography (CT) imaging, iodixanol blocks x-rays and appears opaque on x-ray images. This allows body structures that absorb iodine to be visualized. The degree of opacity produced by iodixanol is directly proportional to the total amount of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. The visualization of body structures is dependent upon the distribution and elimination of iodixanol. Compared to other iodinated contrast agents, iodixanol appears to exhibit less nephrotoxicity. Drug Indication Iodixanol is a contrast agent during coronary angiography. FDA Label Mechanism of Action Organic iodine compounds attenuate x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing the body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. After intravascular administration, iodixanol makes opaque those internal structures in its path of flow, allowing their visualization until significant hemodilution and elimination occur. Intravascular injection of iodixanol opacifies those vessels in the path of flow of the contrast agent, permitting radiographic visualization of the internal structures until significant dilution and elimination occurs. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~602.41 mg/mL (~388.61 mM) DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~80.64 mM) |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (1.34 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (1.34 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (1.34 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.6451 mL | 3.2254 mL | 6.4509 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1290 mL | 0.6451 mL | 1.2902 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0645 mL | 0.3225 mL | 0.6451 mL |