H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA), a milk-derived proline peptide analogue, is an inhibitor (blocker/antagonist) of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) with IC50 of 9 μM.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C17H26F3N3O6
Molecular Weight	425.400055408478
Exact Mass	425.177
CAS #	2828433-08-3
Related CAS #	H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH;58872-39-2
PubChem CID	137319716
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	10
Rotatable Bond Count	4
Heavy Atom Count	29
Complexity	549
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	3
SMILES	C(F)(F)(F)C(=O)O.C(N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)O)([C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](N)C(C)C)=O
InChi Key	DJQRQUZDHQFFTH-LFELFHSZSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C15H25N3O4.C2HF3O2/c1-9(2)12(16)14(20)17-7-3-5-10(17)13(19)18-8-4-6-11(18)15(21)22;3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h9-12H,3-8,16H2,1-2H3,(H,21,22);(H,6,7)/t10-,11-,12-;/m0./s1
Chemical Name	(2S)-1-[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	IC50: 9 μM (ACE)[1].
ln Vitro	Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) may be inhibited by H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA), a derivative of proline peptides, with an IC50 of 9 μM[1]. In 3T3-F442A pre-adipocytes, H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA) may improve insulin sensitivity and avoid insulin resistance. Additionally, H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties. H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA)) improves adipocytes' expression of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and helps TNF-treated adipocytes' ability to absorb glucose[2].
References	[1]. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk. J Dairy Sci. 1995 Apr;78(4):777-83. [2]. Milk-Derived Tripeptides IPP (Ile-Pro-Pro) and VPP (Val-Pro-Pro) Enhance Insulin Sensitivity and Prevent Insulin Resistance in 3T3-F442A Preadipocytes. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Oct 3;66(39):10179-10187.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	H2O: 125 mg/mL (293.84 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 25 mg/mL (58.77 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.3507 mL	11.7536 mL	23.5073 mL
	5 mM	0.4701 mL	2.3507 mL	4.7015 mL
	10 mM	0.2351 mL	1.1754 mL	2.3507 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.