Grazoprevir sodium salt (MK5172; MK-5172), the sodium salt form of grazoprevir, is an inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease (IC50 = 7pM, 4pM, and 62pM for HCV genotype 1a, 1B, and 4 respectively) used in combination with the NS5A replication complex inhibitor elbasvir for HCV treatment. Grazoprevir was approved by FDA in 2016 for the treatment of hepatitis C and has a broad spectrum of activity across genotypes and resistant variants.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C38H49N6O9SNA
Molecular Weight	788.89
Exact Mass	788.317
Elemental Analysis	C, 57.86; H, 6.26; N, 10.65; Na, 2.91; O, 18.25; S, 4.06
CAS #	1425038-27-2
Related CAS #	Grazoprevir;1350514-68-9;Grazoprevir potassium salt;1206524-86-8;Grazoprevir hydrate;1350462-55-3
PubChem CID	72187677
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	12
Rotatable Bond Count	8
Heavy Atom Count	55
Complexity	1590
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	7
SMILES	COC1=CC2=C(N=C(CCCCC[C@@H]3C[C@H]3OC4=O)C(O[C@H]5CN(C([C@H](C(C)(C)C)N4)=O)[C@H](C(N[C@@]([C@@H]6C=C)(C6)C([N-]S(C7CC7)(=O)=O)=O)=O)C5)=N2)C=C1.[Na+]
InChi Key	HWKZBIVJZNPHGU-CIAYNJNFSA-M
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C38H50N6O9S.Na/c1-6-22-19-38(22,35(47)43-54(49,50)25-13-14-25)42-32(45)29-18-24-20-44(29)34(46)31(37(2,3)4)41-36(48)53-30-16-21(30)10-8-7-9-11-27-33(52-24)40-28-17-23(51-5)12-15-26(28)39-27;/h6,12,15,17,21-22,24-25,29-31H,1,7-11,13-14,16,18-20H2,2-5H3,(H3,41,42,43,45,47,48);/q;+1/p-1/t21-,22-,24-,29+,30-,31-,38-;/m1./s1
Chemical Name	sodium ((1R,2S)-1-((33R,35S,91R,92R,5S)-5-(tert-butyl)-17-methoxy-4,7-dioxo-2,8-dioxa-6-aza-1(2,3)-quinoxalina-3(3,1)-pyrrolidina-9(1,2)-cyclopropanacyclotetradecaphane-35-carboxamido)-2-vinylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)(cyclopropylsulfonyl)amide
Synonyms	MK5172 Na; MK 5172 sodium; MK-5172 sodium; Grazoprevir sodium; MK-5172 sodium salt; MK-5172 (sodium salt); Grazoprevir sodium salt; MK 5172 sodium; 1425038-27-2; MK 5172 sodium salt; sodium;[(1R,2S)-1-[[(1R,18R,20R,24S,27S)-24-tert-butyl-7-methoxy-22,25-dioxo-2,21-dioxa-4,11,23,26-tetrazapentacyclo[24.2.1.03,12.05,10.018,20]nonacosa-3,5(10),6,8,11-pentaene-27-carbonyl]amino]-2-ethenylcyclopropanecarbonyl]-cyclopropylsulfonylazanide; Trade name: Zepatier‎.
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	gt1b(Ki=0.01±<0.01 nM);gt1a(Ki=0.01±0.01 nM);gt2a(Ki=0.08±0.02 nM);gt2b(Ki=0.15±0.06 nM);gt3a(Ki=0.90±0.2 nM)
ln Vitro	MK-5172 (Grazoprevir) is effective in biochemical assays against major genotypes and variants engineered with common resistant mutations, with Ki of 0.01±<0.01 nM (gt1b), 0.01±0.01 nM (gt1a), 0.08±0.02 nM (gt2a), 0.15±0.06 nM (gt2b), 0.90±0.2 nM (gt3a), 0.07±0.01 nM (gt1bR155K), 0.14±0.03 nM (gt1bD168V), 0.30±0.04 nM (gt1bD168Y), 5.3±0.9 nM (gt1bA156T), and 12±2 nM (gt1bA156V), respectively. In the replicon assay, MK-5172 demonstrates subnanomolar to low-nanomolar EC50s against genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a, with EC50s of 0.5±0.1 nM, 2±1 nM, and 2±1 nM for gt1bcon1, gt1a, and gt2a, respectively. MK-5172 is potent against a panel of HCV replication mutants NS5A (Y93H) (EC50=0.7±0.3 nM), NS5B nucleosides (S282T) (EC50=0.3±0.1 nM), and NS5B (C316Y) (EC50=0.4±0.2). MK-5172 maintains the excellent potency against the gt 3a enzyme as well as a broad panel of mutant enzymes, has excellent potency in the replicon system [gt1b IC50(50% NHS)=7.4 nM; gt1a IC50(40% NHS)=7 nM], and shows excellent rat liver exposure.
ln Vivo	MK-5172 (Grazoprevir) demonstrates high in vivo efficacy against chronic-HCV-infected chimpanzees. When dosed to dogs, MK-5172 shows low clearance of 5 mL/min/kg and a 3 h half-life after iv dosing and has good plasma exposure (AUC=0.4 μM h) after a 1 mg/kg oral dose. Dog liver biopsy studies showed that the liver concentration of MK-5172 after the 1 mg/kg oral dose is 1.4 μM at the 24 h time point. Similar to its behavior in rats, MK-5172 demonstrates effective partitioning into liver tissue and maintains high liver concentration, relative to potency, 24 h after oral dosing in dogs.
Enzyme Assay	recombinant HCV NS3/4A enzymes are expressed and purified from E. Coli. Enzyme sequences are derived from genotype 1a (gt1a) H77, gt1b con1, gt2a JFH1, gt2b HCJ8, and gt3a NZL1. Inhibition of HCV NS3/4A protease activity in reaction mixtures containing MK-5172 (Grazoprevir), Vaniprevir, or the reference compounds Danoprevir and TMC435 is determined in a time-resolved fluorescence assay. Cell-based HCV replicon assays are conducted in genotype 1b (con1) stable cell line HB1 or a gt2a cell line (JFH) in the presence of either 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 40% normal human serum (NHS). Determinations of 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) against the panel of genotype or mutant replicon cell lines are conducted using a TaqMan-based assay. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) is determined in the HCV replicon cell line with the use of an MTS assay. Potency determinations against clinical genotype 1 NS3/4A sequences are made using a transient cell-based phenotype assay. The NS3/4A patient isolates are cloned from human plasma infected with HCV. Broad counterscreening, in which MK-5172 is evaluated for its inhibitory potency at a concentration of 10 μM, is conducted at MDS Pharma Services.
Cell Assay	HB1 cells (30,000 per well) are seeded of a 6-well tissue culture plate per drug concentration. The next day (day 0), the medium is replenished with fresh medium and MK-5172 at the appropriate drug concentration. Cells from a single well per drug concentration are harvested on days 0, 1, and 2, washed, and stored frozen until evaluation. The fourth well is similarly harvested on day 3.5 except that 30,000 cells are reseeded with fresh medium and MK-5172 at the appropriate drug concentration. For additional time points, cells are passaged and harvested every one-half week for 2 weeks. For the third week, cells are similarly treated except that cells received replenishing medium which contained 0.5 mg/ml G418 without protease inhibitor.
Animal Protocol	Formulated in polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200); administered as a bolus at either 2 mg/kg of body weight (Rats) or 0.5 mg/kg (dog). For oral studies, the crystalline potassium salt of the compound is dosed as a solution in PEG400 at 5 mg/kg (Rats) or 1 mg/kg (dog). Rat and dog
References	[1]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2012 Aug;56(8):4161-7 [2]. ACS Med Chem Lett.2012 Mar 2;3(4):332-6. [3]. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 May 29;6(1):212.
Additional Infomation	HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors are proven therapeutic agents against chronic hepatitis C virus infection, with boceprevir and telaprevir having recently received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to pegylated interferon/ribavirin for patients harboring genotype 1 infections. Overcoming antiviral resistance, broad genotype coverage, and a convenient dosing regimen are important attributes for future agents to be used in combinations without interferon. In this communication, we report the preclinical profile of MK-5172, a novel P2-P4 quinoxaline macrocyclic NS3/4a protease inhibitor currently in clinical development. The compound demonstrates subnanomolar activity against a broad enzyme panel encompassing major hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes as well as variants resistant to earlier protease inhibitors. In replicon selections, MK-5172 exerted high selective pressure, which yielded few resistant colonies. In both rat and dog, MK-5172 demonstrates good plasma and liver exposures, with 24-h liver levels suggestive of once-daily dosing. When administered to HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic gt1a or gt1b infections, MK-5172 suppressed viral load between 4 to 5 logs at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight twice daily (b.i.d.) for 7 days. Based on its preclinical profile, MK-5172 is anticipated to be broadly active against multiple HCV genotypes and clinically important resistance variants and highly suited for incorporation into newer all-oral regimens.[1] A new class of HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors containing a P2 to P4 macrocyclic constraint was designed using a molecular modeling-derived strategy. Building on the profile of previous clinical compounds and exploring the P2 and linker regions of the series allowed for optimization of broad genotype and mutant enzyme potency, cellular activity, and rat liver exposure following oral dosing. These studies led to the identification of clinical candidate 15 (MK-5172), which is active against genotype 1-3 NS3/4a and clinically relevant mutant enzymes and has good plasma exposure and excellent liver exposure in multiple species.[2]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: >100 mg/mL Water:N/A Ethanol:>100 mg/mL

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.2676 mL	6.3380 mL	12.6760 mL
	5 mM	0.2535 mL	1.2676 mL	2.5352 mL
	10 mM	0.1268 mL	0.6338 mL	1.2676 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.