Girinimbine (Girinimbin) is a carbazole alkaloid with multiple biological effects. Girinimbine can cause apoptosis and has anti-trypanosome, anti-platelet, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C18H17NO
Molecular Weight	263.33
Exact Mass	263.131
CAS #	23095-44-5
PubChem CID	96943
Appearance	Off-white to light yellow solid powder
Density	1.187g/cm3
Boiling Point	450ºC at 760mmHg
Melting Point	175 °C
Flash Point	161.5ºC
Vapour Pressure	7.27E-08mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.68
LogP	4.813
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	1
Rotatable Bond Count	0
Heavy Atom Count	20
Complexity	416
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	GAEQWKVGMHUUKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C18H17NO/c1-11-10-14-12-6-4-5-7-15(12)19-16(14)13-8-9-18(2,3)20-17(11)13/h4-10,19H,1-3H3
Chemical Name	3,3,5-trimethyl-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Girinimbine (1-400 µM; 24-72 h) has IC50 values of 61 µM, 56 µM, and 40 µM, respectively, and reduces the viability of HepG2 cells in 24, 48, and 72 hours. Girinimbine (10–100 µM; 24-48 h) increases LDH leakage in HepG2 cells in a manner that is dependent on both concentration and time[1]. HepG2 cells treated with girinimbine (56 µM; 24-48 h) exhibit DNA fragmentation and increased caspase-3 levels[1]. Additionally, girinimbine (56 µM; 12-48 h) treatment induced G0/G1-phase arrest and showed a time-dependent buildup of the Sub-G0/G1 peak (hypodiploid)[1]. Girinimbine has a 10.16 µg/mL IC50 value, indicating strong antitrypanosomal activity[3].
ln Vivo	Girinimbine (10–100 mg/kg; orally gavage; once) is a pretreatment that reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels in the peritoneal fluid and helps limit total leukocyte migration[2]. Girinimbine (20 μg/mL; 24 hours) significantly changes the location of apoptotic cells in zebrafish embryos in vivo[2].
Cell Assay	Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Types: HepG2 cells Tested Concentrations: 1 µM, 10 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM Incubation Duration: 24 h, 48 h and 72 h Experimental Results: Inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptosis Analysis[1] Cell Types: HepG2 cells Tested Concentrations: 56 µM Incubation Duration: 24 h, 48 h Experimental Results: demonstrated typical morphological features of apoptosis. Cell Cycle Analysis[1] Cell Types: HepG2 cells Tested Concentrations: 56 µM Incubation Duration: 12 h, 24 h, 48 h Experimental Results: Induced G0/G1-phase arrest in HepG2 cells.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Male ICR mice (25-35 g) treated with carrageenan[2] Doses: 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: Orally gavage; once Experimental Results: Helped limit total leukocyte migration, and diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the peritoneal fluid .
References	[1]. The growth suppressing effects of girinimbine on HepG2 involve induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Molecules. 2011 Aug 23;16(8):7155-70. [2]. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Dec 28;11:103-121. [3]. Antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities of botanical extracts from Murraya koenigii (L.) and Alpinia mutica Roxb. Trop Biomed. 2019 Mar 1;36(1):94-102.
Additional Infomation	Girinimbine is a member of carbazoles. It has a role as a metabolite. Girinimbine has been reported in Murraya euchrestifolia, Clausena vestita, and other organisms with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.7975 mL	18.9876 mL	37.9752 mL
	5 mM	0.7595 mL	3.7975 mL	7.5950 mL
	10 mM	0.3798 mL	1.8988 mL	3.7975 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.