Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) hydrate is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound that can inhibit the free radical scavenging effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid hydrate has multiple activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C7H8O6
Molecular Weight	188.13
Exact Mass	188.032
CAS #	5995-86-8
Related CAS #	Gallic acid;149-91-7
PubChem CID	24721416
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.694
Boiling Point	596.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	252 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Flash Point	250 °C
LogP	0.437
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	6
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Heavy Atom Count	13
Complexity	169
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
InChi Key	IUTKPPDDLYYMBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C7H6O5.H2O/c8-4-1-3(7(11)12)2-5(9)6(4)10;/h1-2,8-10H,(H,11,12);1H2
Chemical Name	3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid;hydrate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	COX-2 Human Endogenous Metabolite
ln Vitro	Gallic acid is an antioxidant that has the ability to block COX-2[1]. The number of viable neutrophils after an 18-hour treatment with gallic acid drops sharply from 40.3% to 27.7%, which is quite similar to the 26.4% of neutrophils that were not treated. The myocytolysis caused by isoproterenol cannot be inhibited by gallic acid[3].
ln Vivo	There is no significant difference seen between the food consumption (2.6±0.08 g/day, p=0.69) and body weight (2.5±0.69 g, p=0.76) of the Gallic acid group and the control group (food intake: 2.41± 0.14 g/day and body weight: 2.83±0.84 g/day). After two weeks of treatment, there is a considerable improvement in the blood glucose tolerance of the gallic acid group. Following a two-week treatment period, the blood glucose tolerance of the Gallic acid group is likewise considerably better at 90 and 120 minutes (p<0.05) than that of the control group. Compared to the control group (1.08±0.20 mM), the serum triglyceride concentration in the gallic acid group (0.67±0.03 mM, p<0.05) is much lower. The control group's total cholesterol concentration (3.19±0.27 mM) and the gallic acid group's (3.01±0.18 mM) concentrations are comparable[2].
References	[1]. COX-2 structural analysis and docking studies with gallic acid structural analogues. Springerplus. 2012 Dec;1(1):58. [2]. Gallic acid improves glucose tolerance and triglyceride concentration in diet-induced obesity mice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013 Dec;73(8):607-14. [3]. Plant Natural Products Calycosin and Gallic Acid Synergistically Attenuate Neutrophil Infiltration and Subsequent Injury in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction: A Possible Role for Leukotriene B4 12-Hydroxydehydrogenase? Oxid Med C. [4]. Gallic Acid: Review of the Methods of Determination and Quantification. Crit Rev Anal Chem.
Additional Infomation	See also: Gallic Acid (has active moiety) ... View More ...

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (265.77 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.29 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.29 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.29 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	5.3155 mL	26.5774 mL	53.1547 mL
	5 mM	1.0631 mL	5.3155 mL	10.6309 mL
	10 mM	0.5315 mL	2.6577 mL	5.3155 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.