GW1929 HCl, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist with antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. It exhibits pKi of 8.84 for human PPAR-γ, and pEC50s of 8.56 and 8.27 for human PPAR-γ and murine PPAR-γ, respectively.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C30H30CLN3O4 |
| Molecular Weight | 532.029906749725 |
| Exact Mass | 531.192 |
| CAS # | 1217466-21-1 |
| PubChem CID | 56972174 |
| Appearance | Typically exists as solid at room temperature |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 3 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 7 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 12 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 38 |
| Complexity | 705 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 1 |
| SMILES | Cl.O(CCN(C)C1C=CC=CN=1)C1C=CC(=CC=1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC1=CC=CC=C1C(C1C=CC=CC=1)=O |
| InChi Key | KXNKIKXTGRMLEY-YCBFMBTMSA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C30H29N3O4.ClH/c1-33(28-13-7-8-18-31-28)19-20-37-24-16-14-22(15-17-24)21-27(30(35)36)32-26-12-6-5-11-25(26)29(34)23-9-3-2-4-10-23;/h2-18,27,32H,19-21H2,1H3,(H,35,36);1H/t27-;/m0./s1 |
| Chemical Name | (2S)-2-(2-benzoylanilino)-3-[4-[2-[methyl(pyridin-2-yl)amino]ethoxy]phenyl]propanoic acid;hydrochloride |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| ln Vitro | GW1929 Hydrochloride is a strong activator of PPAR-γ. Human PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, and PPAR-δ have respective pKs of 8.84, < 5.5, and < 6.5. The mouse PPAR and human PPAR-γ have pEC50 values of 8.56 and 8.56, respectively. 8.27 -γ, in that order [1]. In neocortical cell cultures, GW1929 hydrochloride (10 μM) suppresses TBBPA-induced caspase-3 activation and TBBPA-stimulated LDH release [2]. The levels of GW1929 hydrochloride considerably lower those of COX-2, iNOS, MMP-9, TNFα, and IL-6 [3]. |
| ln Vivo | After 14 days of treatment, Zucker diabetic obese (ZDF) rats treated with GW1929 hydrochloride (0.5, 1, 5 mg/kg) had significantly lower non-fasting blood glucose levels and showed anti-lipolytic effects [1]. In ZDF rats, GW1929 hydrochloride (1, 5 mg/kg) increases the amount of insulin secreted by β-cells in response to glucose [1]. In tumor-bearing mice, GW1929 hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) reduces muscle loss during experimental cachexia [4]. |
| References |
[1]. A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes. 1999 Jul;48(7):1415-24. [2]. PPAR-γ agonist GW1929 but not antagonist GW9662 reduces TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity in primary neocortical cells. Neurotox Res. 2014 Apr;25(3):311-22. [3]. Ameliorative effects of GW1929, a nonthiazolidinedione PPARγ agonist, on inflammation and apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 Aug 1;8(3):236-45. [4]. Effects of the PPARgamma agonist GW1929 on muscle wasting in tumour-bearing mice. Oncol Rep. 2008 Jan;19(1):253-6. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8796 mL | 9.3980 mL | 18.7959 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3759 mL | 1.8796 mL | 3.7592 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1880 mL | 0.9398 mL | 1.8796 mL |