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Enoxacin (formerly AT-2266; CI-919; NSC-629661; Penetrex; Comprecin; Enoxacino) is an orally bioavailable and broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat various infections, such as UTIs-urinary tract infections and gonorrhea. IIt acts by blocking topoisomerase IV and bacterial DNA gyrase.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C15H17FN4O3 | |
| Molecular Weight | 320.32 | |
| Exact Mass | 320.128 | |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 56.24; H, 5.35; F, 5.93; N, 17.49; O, 14.98 | |
| CAS # | 74011-58-8 | |
| Related CAS # | 84294-96-2 | |
| PubChem CID | 3229 | |
| Appearance | Solid powder | |
| Density | 1.4±0.1 g/cm3 | |
| Boiling Point | 569.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg | |
| Melting Point | 220-224ºC | |
| Flash Point | 298.4±30.1 °C | |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C | |
| Index of Refraction | 1.599 | |
| LogP | 0.55 | |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 2 | |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 8 | |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 3 | |
| Heavy Atom Count | 23 | |
| Complexity | 521 | |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 | |
| SMILES | FC1C([H])=C2C(C(C(=O)O[H])=C([H])N(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C2=NC=1N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H])=O |
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| InChi Key | IDYZIJYBMGIQMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C15H17FN4O3/c1-2-19-8-10(15(22)23)12(21)9-7-11(16)14(18-13(9)19)20-5-3-17-4-6-20/h7-8,17H,2-6H2,1H3,(H,22,23) | |
| Chemical Name | 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid | |
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| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 | |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
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| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Topoisomerase II; Topoisomerase IV | ||
| ln Vitro |
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| ln Vivo | Enoxacin (AT 2266; 100 µM; 2 µl; injected into ear once a day for 3 consecutive days (days 12, 13 and 14)) increases Lv-siGFP'sabilityto knock down GFP mRNA (from 80% to 60%; 40% of GFP mRNA level remained); however, in the GFP transgenic line C57BL/6-Tg(ACTB-EGFP)1Osb/J (10 d old) using lentivirus expressing shGFP (Lv-siGFP; injected into ear for 10 days) alone has no effect on GFP expression[3]. | ||
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion Rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with an absolute oral bioavailability of approximately 90%. Metabolism / Metabolites Hepatic. Some isozymes of the cytochrome P-450 hepatic microsomal enzyme system are inhibited by enoxacin. After a single dose, greater than 40% was recovered in urine by 48 hours as unchanged drug. Biological Half-Life Plasma half-life is 3 to 6 hours. |
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Summary of Use during Lactation Fluoroquinolones have traditionally not been used in infants because of concern about adverse effects on the infants' developing joints. However, recent studies indicate little risk. The calcium in milk might prevent absorption of the small amounts of fluoroquinolones in milk, but insufficient data exist to prove or disprove this assertion. Use of enoxacin is probably acceptable in nursing mothers with monitoring of the infant for possible effects on the gastrointestinal flora, such as diarrhea or candidiasis (thrush, diaper rash). However, it is preferable to use an alternate drug for which safety information is available. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Protein Binding Enoxacin is approximately 40% bound to plasma proteins in healthy subjects and is approximately 14% bound to plasma proteins in patients with impaired renal function. |
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| References |
[1]. Small molecule enoxacin is a cancer-specific growth inhibitor that acts by enhancing TAR RNA-binding protein 2-mediated microRNA processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108(11):4394-9. [2]. Target preference of 15 quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus, based on antibacterial activities and target inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Dec;45(12):3544-7. [3]. A small molecule enhances RNA interference and promotes microRNA processing. Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Aug;26(8):933-40. [4]. Small molecules with big roles in microRNA chemical biology and microRNA-targeted therapeutics. RNA Biol. 2019 Jun;16(6):707-718. [5]. In vitro activity of enoxacin, a quinolone carboxylic acid, compared with those of norfloxacin, new beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1983. 24(5): p. 754-763. |
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| Additional Infomation |
Enoxacin is a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. It has a role as an antibacterial drug and a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It is a monocarboxylic acid, an amino acid, a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative, a N-arylpiperazine, a quinolone antibiotic and a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent (fluoroquinolones) structurally related to nalidixic acid. A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID. See also: Enoxacin Sesquihydrate (is active moiety of). Drug Indication For the treatment of adults (≥18 years of age) with the following infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms: (1) uncomplicated urethral or cervical gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (2) uncomplicated urinary tract infections (cystitis) due to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and (3) complicated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Enterobacter cloacae. Mechanism of Action Enoxacin exerts its bactericidal action via the inhibition of the essential bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase (DNA Topoisomerase II). Pharmacodynamics Enoxacin is a quinolone/fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Enoxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. Enoxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Enoxacin may be active against pathogens resistant to drugs that act by different mechanisms. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1219 mL | 15.6094 mL | 31.2188 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6244 mL | 3.1219 mL | 6.2438 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3122 mL | 1.5609 mL | 3.1219 mL |