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Dutasteride (also known as GI198745, GG-745; trade names: Avodart, Avidart) is a potent dual 5-α reductase inhibitor that inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Dutasteride inhibited conversion of 3H-testosterone to 3H-DHT by more than 99% in LNCaP cells.It can also strongly reduces growth, proliferation, and viability of LNCaP cells as well. Dutasteride increased the enzymatic activities of caspase 7 and caspase 8 dose-dependently at 48 hours, providing functional significance and confirming that the apoptotic and survival pathways are being activated by dutasteride treatment in LNCaP cells.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C27H30F6N2O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 528.53 |
| Exact Mass | 528.221 |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 61.36; H, 5.72; F, 21.57; N, 5.30; O, 6.05 |
| CAS # | 164656-23-9 |
| Related CAS # | Dutasteride-13C6;1217685-27-2 |
| PubChem CID | 6918296 |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid powder |
| Density | 1.3±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Boiling Point | 620.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 242-250ºC |
| Flash Point | 329.0±31.5 °C |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C |
| Index of Refraction | 1.523 |
| LogP | 5.61 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 2 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 8 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 2 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 37 |
| Complexity | 964 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 7 |
| SMILES | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CC[C@@H]2C(=O)NC4=C(C=CC(=C4)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F)CC[C@@H]5[C@@]3(C=CC(=O)N5)C |
| InChi Key | JWJOTENAMICLJG-VYZSUTEISA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C27H30F6N2O2/c1-24-11-9-17-15(4-8-21-25(17,2)12-10-22(36)35-21)16(24)6-7-19(24)23(37)34-20-13-14(26(28,29)30)3-5-18(20)27(31,32)33/h3,5,10,12-13,15-17,19,21H,4,6-9,11H2,1-2H3,(H,34,37)(H,35,36)/t15-,16-,17?,19+,21+,24-,25+/m0/s1 |
| Chemical Name | (4aR,6aS,7S,9aS,9bS,11aR)-N-(2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,4a,4b,5,6,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-7-carboxamide |
| Synonyms | GI-198745, GG-745; GI198745, GG745; GI 198745, GG 745; LS-173584; LS 173584; LS173584; trade names: Avodart; Avidart; Avolve; Duagen; Dutas; Dutagen; Duprost. |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | 5α-reductase | ||
| ln Vitro | As expected, dutasteride prevents the conversion of 3H-T to 3H-DHT and T-induced PSA production and proliferation. Nevertheless, the medication also prevented cell division and PSA secretion triggered by DHT (IC50 = 1 μM)[1]. Dutasteride has an IC50 of about 1.5 μM and competes with LNCaP cell AR binding. Elevated levels of dutasteride (10-50 μM) in steroid-free media led to increased cell death, potentially through apoptosis, but not finasteride[1]. In both of the studied cell lines for androgen-responsive (LNCaP) and androgen-unresponsive (DU145) human prostate cancer (PCa), dutasteride decreases cell viability and proliferation [2]. | ||
| ln Vivo | With a terminal half-life of almost 240 hours, GG745 considerably reduced DHT levels in single doses more than 10 mg, compared to finasteride single doses of 5 mg[3]. Using doubled results to account for dutasteride treatment, there was an 8.3% median increase in PSA in men without prostate cancer who were treated with a placebo at month 24, compared to -59.5% in those who got the medication[4]. Toxicity: The dynamics of steroid hormones and male fertility may be impacted by dutasteride. In order to ascertain the impact of dutasteride (10, 32, and 100 μg/L) on fish reproduction, a 21-day reproduction research was carried out. Fish exposed to dutasteride saw a considerable reduction in fecundity and experienced various effects on their reproductive endocrine systems, affecting both male and female fish[5]. | ||
| Enzyme Assay | Dutasteride inhibited 3H-T conversion to 3H-DHT and, as anticipated, inhibited T-induced secretion of PSA and proliferation. However the drug also inhibited DHT-induced PSA secretion and cell proliferation (IC50 ∼ 1 μM). Finasteride also inhibited DHT action but was less potent than dutasteride. Dutasteride competed for binding the LNCaP cell AR with an IC50 ∼ 1.5 μM. High concentrations of dutasteride (10–50 μM), but not finasteride, in steroid-free medium, resulted in enhanced cell death, possibly by apoptosis. This was accompanied by loss of AR protein and decreased AR ligand-binding activity. Occupation of AR by R1881 partly protected against cell death and loss of AR protein. PC-3 prostate cancer cells, which do not contain AR, also were killed by high concentrations of dutasteride, as well as by 50 μM finasteride. CONCLUSIONS Dutasteride exhibited some inhibitory actions in LNCaP cells possibly related to 5αR inhibition but also had antiandrogenic effects at relatively low concentrations and cell death-promoting effects at higher concentrations. Finasteride also was antiandrogenic, but less than dutasteride. The antiandrogenic effects may be mediated by the mutant LNCaP cell AR. Promotion of cell death by dutasteride can be blocked, but only in part, by androgens[1]. | ||
| Cell Assay |
LNCaP cells were incubated for varying times with T or DHT in steroid-free medium in the absence or presence of increasing doses of dutasteride or finasteride and the effects on 5alphaR activity, PSA accumulation in the medium, and on cell proliferation were determined. Drug effects on apoptosis were investigated using Annexin V staining and a cell death ELISA assay. Effects of the drugs on AR ligand-binding activity and on AR protein levels were determined[1]. dutasteride reduces cell viability and cell proliferation in both cell lines tested. AndroChip 2 gene signature identified in LNCaP a total of 11 genes differentially expressed (FC >or= +/-1.5). Eight of these genes, were overexpressed and three were underexpressed. Overexpressed genes included genes encoding for proteins involved in biosynthesis and metabolism of androgen (HSD17B1;HSD17B3;CYP11B2), androgen receptor and androgen receptor co-regulators (AR;CCND1), and signal transduction(ERBB2; V-CAM; SOS1) whereas, underexpressed genes (KLK3; KLK2; DHCR24) were androgen-regulated genes (ARGs). No differentially expressed genes were scored in DU145. Microarray data were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR assay (QRT-PCR). These data offer a selective genomic signature for dutasteride treatment in prostate epithelial cells and provide important insights in prostate cancer pathophysiology.[2] |
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| Animal Protocol |
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion Following oral administration of a single dose of 0.5 mg dutasteride, the peak serum concentrations were reached within 2 to 3 hours. Following daily oral administration of 0.5 mg dutasteride, the steady-state concentration of 40 ng/mL is expected to be achieved at 6 months following initial administration. In healthy subjects, the absolute bioavailability was 60%, ranging from 40% to 94%. While food intake reduced the maximum serum concentrations by 10 to 15%, food intake is reported to have a negligible effect on the bioavailability of the drug. Dutasteride and its metabolites mainly undergo fecal excretion. About 1-15% of the dose is excreted as the unchanged parent compound, while 2-90% of the total dose is excreted in the form of dutasteride-related metabolites in the feces. Trace amounts of unchanged dutasteride, with less than 1%, can also be detected in the urine. Therefore, on average, the dose unaccounted for approximated 55%, with a range between 5% and 97%. Dutasteride displays a large volume of distribution ranging from 300 to 500 L. Following daily oral administration of 0.5 mg dutasteride healthy subjects for 12 months, the semen dutasteride concentrations averaged 3.4 ng/mL (range: 0.4 to 14 ng/mL) with 11.5% of serum dutasteride concentrations being partitioned into semen. In a study of healthy volunteers receiving single oral doses of dutasteride ranging from 0.01 to 40 mg, dutasteride displayed a low linear clearance of 0.58 L/h. The estimated inter-individual variability for the linear clearance was high. Metabolism / Metabolites Dutasteride undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. 4′-hydroxydutasteride, 6-hydroxydutasteride, 6,4′-dihydroxydutasteride, 1,2-dihydrodutasteride, and 15-hydroxydutasteride metabolites are formed. 2 minor metabolites - 6,4′-dihydroxydutasteride and 15-hydroxydutasteride - can also be detected. According to _in vitro_ studies, 4′-hydroxydutasteride and 1,2-dihydrodutasteride mediated inhibitory actions against both isoforms of 5α-reductase but with lower potency when compared to the parent drug. The activity of 6β-hydroxydutasteride is comparable to that of dutasteride. Biological Half-Life The terminal elimination half-life of dutasteride is approximately 5 weeks at steady state. This long half-life accounts for the serum concentrations remaining detectable for up to 4 to 6 months after discontinuation of treatment. |
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Hepatotoxicity Dutasteride has been associated with a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations that, in controlled trials, was no higher than with placebo therapy. These elevations were transient and rarely required dose modification. There have been no published reports of clinically apparent liver injury due to dutasteride therapy. Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury). Protein Binding Dutasteride is about 99% bound to albumin and 96.6% bound to α-1 acid glycoprotein in the serum. |
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| References |
[1]. Dutasteride, the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, inhibits androgen action and promotes cell death in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Prostate. 2004 Feb 1;58(2):130-44. [2]. Effects of dutasteride on the expression of genes related to androgen metabolism and related pathway in human prostate cancer cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Oct;25(5):491-7. [3]. Unique preclinical characteristics of GG745, a potent dual inhibitor of 5AR. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Sep;282(3):1496-502. [4]. Clinical usefulness of serum prostate specific antigen for the detection of prostate cancer is preserved in men receiving the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. J Urol. 2006 May;175(5):1657-62. [5]. Mode of action of human pharmaceuticals in fish: the effects of the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, on reproduction as a case study. Aquat Toxicol. 2013 Mar 15;128-129:113-23. |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics Dutasteride is a synthetic 4-azasteroid compound that selectively inhibits both the type I and type II isoforms of steroid 5α-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Dutasteride works by reducing the levels of circulating DHT. It was also shown to reduce the size of the prostate gland, improve urinary flow, and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia alone or in combination with tamsulosin. The effect of the reduction of DHT by dutasteride is dose-dependent, with the maximum effect observed within 1-2 weeks following initial administration. After 1 and 2 weeks of daily dosing with dutasteride 0.5 mg, median serum DHT concentrations were reduced by 85% and 90%, respectively. The serum concentrations of DHT were maintained to be decreased by more than 90% in 85% of patients following 1 years' administration of oral dutasteride 0.5 mg/day. As evident from the clinical studies, dutasteride may also cause decreases in serum PSA in the presence of prostate cancer. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8920 mL | 9.4602 mL | 18.9204 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3784 mL | 1.8920 mL | 3.7841 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1892 mL | 0.9460 mL | 1.8920 mL |