Dextran (Dextran 40) has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and coagulation factors. It can replace a part of whole blood during blood transfusion and is often used as a plasma volume expander (plasma substitute).

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C18H32O16
Molecular Weight	40000.00
CAS #	9004-54-0
PubChem CID	4125253
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.8±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	952.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	-114.22ºC
Flash Point	327.7±27.8 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.652
LogP	-4.26
SMILES	0
InChi Key	FZWBNHMXJMCXLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C18H32O16/c19-1-5(21)9(23)10(24)6(22)3-31-17-16(30)14(28)12(26)8(34-17)4-32-18-15(29)13(27)11(25)7(2-20)33-18/h1,5-18,20-30H,2-4H2
Chemical Name	2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal
Synonyms	DEXTRAN; 9004-54-0; Dextran 40; 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal; Macrodex; Hexopyranosyl-(1->6)hexopyranosyl-(1->6)hexose; Dextran 70; 6-O-(6-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucose;
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Glucose polymer
ln Vitro	Dextran (MW 40000) is a biochemical reagent that can be utilized in organic compounds or biomaterials for research in the life sciences.
ln Vivo	Dextran can be used in animal modeling to construct a mouse paw edema model.
ADME/Pharmacokinetics	Absorption, Distribution and Excretion Absorption Dextran presents a very low oral bioavailability that is reduced as the chain gets longer. Thus, the bioavailability of dextran is inversely proportional to the length of the carbohydrate chain. Route of Elimination The elimination of dextran will depend on the length of the carbohydrate chain, the administration route, and the molecular weight. For dextran 1, it is reported to be mainly secreted unchanged in the urine in a ratio of 80% of the administered dose when administered parentally. It is registered that the weight threshold for unrestricted glomerular filtration is about 15 kDa and if the dextran overpasses 50 kDa it will not be renally eliminated in any significant amount. Volume of Distribution The reported volume of distribution of dextran suggested a distribution throughout the blood volume. This volume of distribution is reported to be of around 120 ml. The organ that presented a higher accumulation of dextran was the liver. Metabolism / Metabolites Long chains of dextran such as dextran 60 are highly metabolized in the liver until formation of lower molecular weight products before being excreted from the body. Biological Half-Life The elimination half-life will depend on the length of the carbohydrate chain. The higher the molecular weight of the dextran the longer it will be the elimination half-life. The half-life will go from 1.9 hours from dextran 1 to 42 hours in the case of dextran 60.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics	Protein Binding Dextran is highly retained in the vascular system by binding to plasma proteins including albumin.
References	[1]. Infusion rate and plasma volume expansion of dextran and albumin in the septic guinea pig. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Jan;58(1):44-51.
Additional Infomation	Dextran is a polysaccharide that differs from others in that its glucose units are joined together 1:6 glucoside links. The main chain of glucose has short branches at frequent intervals which are probably joined by 1:3 and 1:4 glucoside links. The chains can be composed of about 200,000 glucose units. Many bacteria, like Leuconostoc, can synthesize dextran from sucrose, and this activity is used commercially to obtain dextran. Dextran 40 is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of low molecular weight dextran (average mol. wt. 40,000) in 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. It is administered by intravenous infusion. Dextran 75 is a complex branched glucan with an average molecular weight 75000 Daltons. It is produced from certain bacteria that with α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules and α-1,3 linkages between branches. When labelled with technetium Tc99m, dextran 75 is intravenously administered as an imaging agent to detect and diagnose conditions in the vascular compartment such as pericardial effusion or ventricular aneurysm. A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. Drug Indication Dextran is used as the restoration of blood mass during surgical interventions if there is hypovolemia due to trauma or dehydration. It is as well used after the presence of hemorrhage in cases of blood loss to a level inferior to 15% of the blood mass, if compatibility test cannot be completed or when blood lots need to be tested for pathogen detection. Dextran is also used for the prevention of profound postoperative venous thrombosis. Dextran as well presents ophthalmic applications as solutions or ointments for the temporary relief of xerophthalmia or minor ocular irritations. Pharmacodynamics It is reported that dextran presents an effect on the hemostatic system in particular by prolonging bleeding time. In the same trials, dextran is reported to reduce emboli, reduce platelet adhesiveness and produce hemodilution. These effects have been showed to be greater proportionally with the increase in the molecular weight of the dextran. echanism of Action In preclinical studies, the mechanism of action is thought to be related to the blockage of the uptake of tissue plasminogen activator by mannose-binding receptors. This process has a direct effect by enhancing endogenous fibrinolysis. Uses Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Bacteria growing on a sucrose substrate produce this polysaccharide, which is composed of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units with different branching and chain lengths; Used in soft center confections, as a barley malt substitute, and as a plasma volume expander; Mixed ethers and esters can be used in lacquers; [Merck Index] Used as a formulation and processing aid, stabilizer or thickener, surface finishing agent, and texturizer for foods; [FDA]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~1.43 mM) DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~1.43 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	0.0250 mL	0.1250 mL	0.2500 mL
	5 mM	0.0050 mL	0.0250 mL	0.0500 mL
	10 mM	0.0025 mL	0.0125 mL	0.0250 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.